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disparagement and disgrace p. 109. Morris 1990 also agrees with Maslow‘s idea that the striving for security deals with the desire to live comfortably in the
milieu p. 431.
d Striving for Power
The fear of losing self-esteem drives people to strive for power. According to Adler, the power is needed to gain enormous authority and represent all
psychological forces into its direction. The safeguarding tendency sets the final purpose in which psychological readiness for the purpose of further safeguarding
is originated p. 111. Morris 1990 also states that the need of power can be defined as the need to win recognition or to influence or control other people or
group p. 428. The failure in these striving results the feeling of inferiority.
c. Theory of Existential Psychology
This theory presents the reflection of an individual, to understand how an individual aware of his existence, influence and way of perceiving and
interpreting the world. Here this theory is used as an instrument to analyze Hanna‘s existence that contributes to the factors related to her inferiority complex.
The primal elements of human existence according to Frankl 1973 is being conscious and being responsible p. 63. Frankl 1963 also proposes a
theory called logotherapy which emphasizes on the confrontation and reorientation between an individual and the meaning of his life p. 153.
According to this theory, the meaning of life can be discovered in three ways: by doing deed, by experiencing a value such as love, and by suffering p. 176.
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According to Magill 1996 existentialism is a ―viewpoint emphasizing concern with human existence and situation in the world; it gives meaning to life
through the free choice of mature values and commitment to responsible goals‖
p. 1484. Whereas Nordby and Hall 1974 define existential psychology as ―an empirical science of human existence which employs the method of
phenomenological analysis‖ p. 23. The phenomenal analysis itself is used to describe ―the contents of immediate awareness, what is going on in a person‘s
mind right now. The basic tenet of existential psychology is that man is free to be what he wants to be, therefore, he alone is responsible for his own
existence‖ pp. 23-24. The phenomena of existence are constituted by the disclosures that the
world is disclosed in the individual, and the individual discloses the world. ―Nothing lies behind these phenomena; they are neither cause nor effect, nor are
they subject and object, they are the whole reality of human existence‖ p. 25. Instead of causality, the existential psychology believes in motivation, that is why
motivation becomes operative principles in analyzing existential behavior. According to Bo
ss, ―there are two primary dimensions of being-in-the-world, these are spatiality and temporality‖ as cited in Nordby and Hall, 1974, p. 25.
Spatiality means the ―closeness‖ or ―remoteness‖ which a person is ―in-the- world‖. Temporality here refers to the ―unfolding the world‖. This ―unfolding‖
takes place in ―time‖, so that a person always has ―a past, a present, and a future‖ p. 25. One of the elements of being-in-the-
world is ―nothingness‖; ―it is the presence within human existence of nonexistence, to fall into nothingness is to
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lose one‘s being, to become nothing. The extent to which possibilities of existence fall short of fulfillment is the extent to which nonbeing has taken overbeing‖
p.27. Sartre‘s states that man is the source of nothingness, ―Nothingness comes
into the world through human freedom, a freedom which is fraught with anguish‖ as cited in Muzairi, 2002, p. 138. Man as source of nothingness is seen from the
tendency of self-deception or bad faith and fear, the self-deception in relation with freedom and fear is ―a lie to oneself within the unity of a single consciousness.
Through a bad faith a person seeks to escape the responsible freedom of being- for-
itself‖ as cited in Muzairi, 2002, p. 138. May further explains that existential psychology believes that non-being or
nothingness is inseparable with being. Man in fact might not exist, or the fact that death will arrive at some unknown moment in the future is also need to be
understood Without this awareness of non-being
–that is the awareness of the threats to one‘s being in death, anxiety, and the less dramatic but persistent threats of
loss of potentialities in conformism- existence is vapid, unreal, and characterized by lack of concrete self awareness. as cited in Chiang, 1969,
p. 70
Death is then of course the most obvious form of non-being, The existential analysts hold that the confronting of death gives the most
positive reality to life itself. It makes the individual existence real, absolute and concrete. For death as
‗an irrelative potentiality singles man out and, as it were, individualizes him to make him understand the potentiality of
being in others as well as in himself, when he realizes the inescapable nature of his own death‘. Death is, in other words, the one fact of my life
which is not relative but absolute, and my awareness of this gives my
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existence and what I do each hour an absolute quality as cited in Chiang, 1969, p. 72.
May utters that ―existential psychologists emphasize the universe struggle to find meaning in life, to live by moral standard, and to come to an understanding
of suffering and death‖ as cited in Chiang, 1969, p. 1090. Existential psychology related to this study is helpful for it tries to explore
Hanna Schmitz‘ awareness, what is going on in her mind and what is the meaning of being-in-the-world to her. Hanna Schmitz is a character who is responsible for
her own existence and how it affects the state of her inferiority complex is being questioned in this study.
B. Theoretical Framework
Here, the use and function of the approach and theories stated above in completing this study will be discussed briefly. There are four major theories,
namely the theory of character and characterization, psychoanalytic theory of personality, theory of inferiority complex, and the theory of existential
psychology. The first issue is about how the character of Hanna Schmitz is portrayed in
the story. The theories used to answer the question are the theory of character and characterization and the theory of personality. The theory of character functions to
describe several ways in knowing a character. The theory of characterization functions to categorize the character, here how is Hanna Schmitz categorized. The
theory of personality functions to understand the behavior of the character. Hence
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