5. Zero Modification Nida in Tarigan 1992:248 states that when the structure of a series of related
forms is such that is the significant absence of a formal feature at some point or points in the series, we may describe such a significant absence as zero.
e.g: Verb forms
present past
past participle
cut cut
cut put
put put
Noun forms
Singular Plural
Sheep Sheep
Deer Deer
In Achenese, zero modification is not found. So, from the quotations and explanations above, it can be concluded that
Morphological Process is the process of forming words or word formation by adding affixes to the base form, or in other words, the process of morphology in the way to
form words by combining one morpheme with others.
2.3 A Brief Discussion of Contrastive Analysis
Since World War II until the middle of 1960s, Contrastive Analysis dominated world of studying target language and foreign language. The understanding of contrastive analysis
is very important o help the students in studying language.
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Crystal states that contrastive is a term used in Linguistics for a difference between units, especially one which serves to distinguish meanings in a language.
Ridwan 1998:8 states that Analisis Kontrastif adalah suatu metode penganalisisan linguistik yang berusaha mendeskripsikan, membuktikan, dan
menguraikan perbedaan atau persamaan aspek-aspek kebahasaan dari dua bahasa atau lebih yang dibandingkan Contrastive Analysis is a method of linguistic analysis that tries
to describe, prove, and analyze the dissimilarities and similarities of audio-lingual aspects of two or more compared languages. The use of terms ‘similarity and dissimilarity’ are
narrow or limited because those terms refer to the condition if all aspects that are compared are same they can be said ‘similarity’ and vise verse. So, it is advised to use
the terms ‘correspondence’, ‘partly-correspondence’, and ‘non-correspondence’. It is also emphasized with Ridwan’s statement that analisis kontrastif menggarisbawahi
usaha-usaha untuk menemukan unsur-unsur yang sama correspondence, sebagian sama partly-correspondence dan tidak sama atau beda penuh non-correspondence
antara bahasa-bahasa dibandingkan. So, language and contrastive analysis cannot be separated because there is a big relationship between them because the material of
contrastive analysis is language. From those quotations above, it can be concluded that contrastive analysis is a
method of analysis that observes the similarities and differences which consists in two more language in the different language family.
According to Ridwan, there are three goals of contrastive analysis. They are:
To find out the correspondence
To find out the partly-correspondence
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To find out the non-correspondence
But, besides that the final goal of Contrastive Linguistics is to study the target language. Correspondence means that when we analyze and compare two different languages, we
will find the similarities between both of them, such as they are correspondence in meaning or function. Partly correspondence means that when we analyze and compare
two different languages, we will find the similarity but not in whole part. And the non- correspondence means that there is no similarity between two languages.
Ridwan 1998:9 says that contrastive analysis has two steps or ways of approach in contrasting two or more languages. They are:
Synchronic Approach
Synchronic Approach is an approach of Contrastive Linguistics that focused on the contemporary forms in the languages that are compared.
Diachronic Approach
Diachronic Approach is approach of Contrastive Linguistics that focused on the using of language that is differed from one term to another term.
The function of Contrastive Linguistics are divided into two Tarigan 1992:226. They are scientific function and practical function. Practical function is related to the
error analysis and interference analysis. Interference is influenced with some factors; they are age, education, occupation, religion, area, etc. But in Scientific function, it will find
out or prove the similarity and the difference in some forms, characteristics, or even in some aspects of langue between.
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Languages compared and languages in contact. It is important to know that the interference can happen because of bilingual or multilingual.
Contrastive analysis has two aspects of analyzing, they are: Psychology aspects and Linguistic aspect Guntur 1992:17. Psychological analysis consists of the difficulties
of study, the way of arranging the teaching material, and how to give the lesson. While linguistic aspect relates with the problems of contrasting the two or more languages.
According to Hartman and Stark 1972:43 state, “Comparative and contrastive have similarity that is they compare two or more languages.”
The methodology of contrastive analysis is something like how we get the similarities and differences of two languages. Contrastive analysis usually compares and
finds the differences and similarities between both languages that compared. And the last, in Contrastive Linguistics Contrastive Analysis, we will analyze
the base form. For analyzing it, we can use some terms to make us easily analyze it, such as:
Form
In this thesis, I analyze the suffixes between English and Achenese. So, in form, it will be discussed about the suffixes which are attached to the base form which is
ended with vowel, consonant, diphthong, semivowel and cluster phoneme. Ridwan 1997:8 says that vowel phoneme is the vocal sounds made without
audible stopping of the breath such as a, i, u, e, o. Then, consonant is a speech sound produced by abstructing or impeding the passage of air at the same point
in the vocaltract above glottis such as p, b, t, g, m, n, f, s, v, z, h, l.. And, diphthong is when one syllable consists of two vowel sounds, it is necessary to
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pronounce them by means of quick glide from one vowel sound to the other; for example, ai as glide and ei as in make. Semivowels-also known as glides,
especially in older literature are non-syllabic vowels that form diphthongs with full syllabic vowels. That is, they are vowel-like sounds that do not form the
nucleus of a syllable or mora; they are not the most prominent part of the syllable such as w, r, j. www.wikipedia.com. Longman Dictionary of Applied
Linguistics 1985:59 says that cluster is a sequence of two or more consonants. For example, st in test test.
Distribution
In distribution, it will be discussed about the distribution the part of speech such as numeral, verb, noun, adjective, adverb, pronoun, article, preposition,
conjunction, and interjection that can be attached with suffixes or not. Part of speech or word-class help us recognize the grammatical function of units in a
sentence and on the contrary, the ability to use a word in a sentence requires knowledge of its syntactic category.
Function
In function, it will be discussed about the changing of part of speech function after attached by suffix. For example, from noun to adjective friend+ly friendly
or adjective to adverb quick+ly quickly.
Meaning In meaning, it will be discussed about the meaning of the words after attached by
suffix.
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CHAPTER III DATA OF MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS OF SUFFIXES IN ENGLISH AND
ACHEHNESE
3.1 Suffixes in English 3.1.1 Suffix –able
e.g: 1. accept v
+ -able
acceptable adj 2. bear v
+ -able
bearable adj 3.
enjoy v
+ -able
enjoyable adj
4. marriage n +
-able marriageable adj
3.1.2 Suffix –en
e.g: 1.
dark adj
+ -en
darken v
2. height n +
-en heighten v
3. soft
adj +
-en soften
v 4.
weak adj
+ -en
weaken v
5. wake
v +
-en waken
v
3.1.3 Suffix –er
e.g: 1.
big adj
+ -er
bigger adj
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