CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Morphology
In this century, morphology has been regarded as an essentially synchronic discipline, that is to say, a discipline focusing on the study of word-structure at one stage
in the life of a language. Katamba 1993:3 says that ‘morphology is the study of the internal structure of
words’. Some other linguists like Tarigan 1985:4 says that ‘morfologi adalah bagian
dari ilmu bahasa yang membicarakan seluk beluk kata serta pengaruh perubahan- perubahan bentuk kata terhadap golongan dan arti kata’. While, Nida 1949:1 says that
morphology is the study of morphemes and their arrangements in forming words. Based on those quotations above it can be said that morphology is a branch of the
study language that talks about word structure and formation. It studies how words are put together from their smaller parts and the ruler governing this process.
Muchtar 2006:2 says that ‘morphology has the object of research. It is morpheme. It is different with phonology that is concerned with the functioning of sounds
units within the system of individual languages, whereas that of phonetics is concerned with the nature and typology of speech sound in themselves and also syntax that
traditionally covers both the constructions of phrases and sentences and also the features of meaning which are associated with them, and semantics then reduces to the study of
words meaning-to which perhaps we may add the meanings of idioms’. These subfields
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have a big relationship. If we want to investigate a language, we have to investigate it from these subfields.
2.2 Morphemes and Words 2.2.1
Morphemes
Morphology emphasizes in morpheme. So, morpheme cannot be ignored. Some definitions of morpheme can be seen below:
Katamba 1993:20 says that ‘the term morpheme is used to refer to the smallest, indivisible units of semantic content or grammatical function which words are made up
of.’ So, from those quotations above it may conclude that morpheme is the minimal
distinctive unit of grammar, and the central concern of morphology. For example: Cats
The word ‘cats’ consists of two morphemes. They are:
Cat one kind of animals
-s a plural marker on nouns
According to Ridwan, in his book entitled “Dasar-Dasar Linguistika”, he classifies type of morpheme become 3 dimensions. They are:
1. Bound Morpheme or Dependent Morpheme
Bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand alone. It must be attached to the base form. Or, a bound morpheme is a grammatical unit that never occurs by
itself, but is always attached to some other morpheme.
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2. Free Morpheme or Independent Morpheme
Free Morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone. It must not be attached to the base form. Or, a free morpheme is a grammatical unit that can occur by it.
However, other morphemes such as affixes can be attached to it. Example:
BASE FORM
SUFFIX ENGLISH
suit +
{-able} suitable
condition +
{-al} conditional
ACHEHNESE meunan ‘that’ +
{-keuh} meunankeuh ‘that too’
haba ‘tell’ +
{-pih} habapih ‘tell too’
Suffix –able and –al in English and suffix –an in Achenese are bound morpheme. If they are not attached to the base form, they will not have meaning. While, base form suit and
condition in English and kirém and ur ŏh in Achehnese are free morpheme because they
can stand alone. And if they stand alone, they have meaning.
3. Poly-morphemic word
Poly-morphemic word is morphemes that are attached in word consist of free morphemes.
Example: House
+ work
housework
ENGLISH
Air +
craft aircraft
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From those examples above, word housework consists of two free morphemes, house and work. And also, word aircraft consists of two free morphemes air and craft.
Each free morpheme has meaning.
2.2.2 Words
Linguists often have a problem with word in linguistics. The claim that words have structure might come as a surprise because normally speakers think of words as
indivisible units of meaning. This is probably due to the fact that many words are morphologically simple. For example, the, fierce, desk, eat, boot, at, fee, mosquito, etc,
cannot be divided up into smaller units that are themselves meaningful. It is impossible to say what the –quito part of mosquito or the –erce part of fierce means.
But very many English words are morphologically complex. They can be broken down into smaller units that are meaningful. This is true of words like desk-s and boot-s,
for instance, where desk refers to one piece of furniture and boot refers to one item of footwear, while in both cases the –s serves the grammatical function of indicating the
plurality. Words are used for different purposes. They, in other words, perform a variety of
functions. They, sometimes, name of persons, places and things an on certain occasions, they are used I place of nouns or they describe things, persons, or places. Words are also
used to describe actions, show relationships and to combine words or sentences. Words may also be used to modify a verb, and adjective or another adverb and to express some
sudden feeling. They are classified into eight kinds on account of their functions Murthy 1998:5. They are:
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Noun
Noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, an idea or a quality of mind. Example:
- Muhammad Ali is a boxer of legendary. - Indonesia is archipelagic country.
- Newspaper is useful for society. In the first sentence, Muhammad Ali is the name of a person.
In the second, Indonesia is the name of a place or country. In the third, Newspaper is the name of thing.
Adjective
Adjective is a word used to describe or qualify nouns. Example: - I read a detective comic.
- Alex is a handsome boy. The word ‘detective’ tells about the comic and word ‘handsome’ tells us
something about boy.
Pronoun Pronoun is a word used in place of nouns. Example:
- Alex is my friend. He is very handsome. - I visited Jakarta. This is the capital of Indonesia.
The Italicized words ‘he’ and ‘this’ are pronouns because they stand for persons or things. ‘He’ stands for Alex and ‘this’ stands for Indonesia.
Verb
Verb is a word used to express the actions, condition or existence. Example:
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- I
wait for Harry. -
My sister
is sick. -
There are some books on the table.
The word ‘wait’ tells us what ‘I’ do in the first sentence. The word ‘is’ expresses the condition of subject ‘my sister’ and the word ‘are’ expresses existence.
Adverb
Adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb or a word used to explain how, where, when and why an action is performed. Example:
- They live happily. -
Harry is
very handsome. -
He speaks
English quite well.
In the first sentence, the word ‘happily’ modifies the verb ‘live’. In the second, the word ‘very’ modifies the adjective ‘handsome’. And in the third, the word
‘quite’ modifies another adverb ‘well’.
Preposition Preposition is a word used to explain the relation between two grammatical words
or a word used with a noun or pronoun to show their relation with some other words in the sentence. Example:
- I am fond of Michael. - They boasted about their wealth.
- He is angry with me. - I deposit my money in the bank.
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The word ‘of ’ shows the relation between the adjective ‘fond’ and the noun ‘Michael’ in the first sentence. The relation between the verb ‘boasted’ and the
noun ‘wealth’ is shown by the word ‘about’ in the second sentence. The word ‘with’ shows the relation between the adjective ‘angry’ and the pronoun
‘me’ in the third sentence. The word ‘in’ shows the relation between the noun ‘money’ and another noun ‘bank’.
Conjunction
Conjunction is a word used to combine two words or sentence. Example: - John visited Siantar and Parapat last year.
- Tom will come today or tomorrow. - He tried hard but he failed in his attempt.
The word ‘and’ joins two words ‘Siantar’ and ‘Parapat’ in the first sentence. In the second sentence, the word ‘or’ joins the two words ‘today’ and ‘tomorrow’,
while in the third sentence, the word ‘but’ joins two sentences ‘he tried hard’ and ‘he failed in his attempt’.
Interjection
Interjection is word which expresses some sudden feeling. Example: -
Alas -
Excellent -
Well said
- Fantastic
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2.3 An Account on Morphological Process
As it is known that the term morphological process is a way of forming the word which relates a morpheme to another. Morphological process varies according to the type
of their process. Tarigan 1992:237 groups them into five main types. They are: affixation,
reduplication, internal modification, suppletion, and zero modification. Crystal 1987:90 divides morphological process into four. They are: affixation,
conversion derivation, compounding, and reduplication. The definition of the types of morphological process is discussed below:
1. Affixation The bound forms which in secondary derivation are added to the underlying are
called affixation. The affixation in English can be divided into two: prefix and suffix. e.g:
re- +
play n replay v
PREFIX
be- +
friend v befriend v
-ist +
human v humanist n
SUFFIX
-able + enjoy v
enjoyable n Budiman Sulaiman 1978:8 states that the affixation in Achehnese can be divided
into four: prefix, infix, suffix and confix. e.g:
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keu- + lhèe adj ‘three’
keulhèe n‘third’
PREFIX
si- +
uroe v ‘day’ siuroe n ‘one day’
-eun- + pajoh v ‘eat’
peunajoh n ‘food’
INFIX
-eul- + gantoe v ‘change’
geulantoe adj ‘substitute’
-sit + jak v ‘go’
jaksit v ‘go too’
SUFFIX
-kon + manyak n ‘small’
manyakkon adj ‘since
chilhood’ peu-…-an + tinggal n ‘remain’ peuninggalan n ‘ommission’
CONFIX
keu-…-an + rela adj ‘volunteer’ keurelaan adj ‘alacrity’
2. Reduplication Bloch and Trager in Tarigan, H.G. 1992:7 state that reduplication is the
repetition of all or part of the base, with and without internal change, before or after the base itself.
e.g: papa
choo choo
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3. Internal Modification Samsuri 1994:92 states that … karena perubahan-perubahan itu sendiri
terdapat di dalam morfem-morfem itu, kami sebut perubahan-perubahan itu perubahan intern.
Internal modification can be divided into two:
Internal Modification in vocalic change e.g:
present past
past participle
eat ate eaten
get got
got, gotten
drink drank
drunk
Internal Modification in plural and singular change e.g:
man men tooth teeth
Internal modification is not found in Achenese.
4. Suppletion Samsuri 1994:193 states that suplisi adalah proses morfologi yang
menyebabkan adanya bentuk yang sama sekali baru. e.g:
present past
go went
am was
Suppletion is not found in Achenese.
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5. Zero Modification Nida in Tarigan 1992:248 states that when the structure of a series of related
forms is such that is the significant absence of a formal feature at some point or points in the series, we may describe such a significant absence as zero.
e.g: Verb forms
present past
past participle
cut cut
cut put
put put
Noun forms
Singular Plural
Sheep Sheep
Deer Deer
In Achenese, zero modification is not found. So, from the quotations and explanations above, it can be concluded that
Morphological Process is the process of forming words or word formation by adding affixes to the base form, or in other words, the process of morphology in the way to
form words by combining one morpheme with others.
2.3 A Brief Discussion of Contrastive Analysis