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1 Moreover the data is in the form of text which contains attitudes, and what is
analyzed in this research is those attitudes. The approach that is used in this thesis is the application of Systemic
Functional Linguistics SFL. The research analyzes some gossip news texts
written by Perez Hilton which are realized by the appraising items. The source of data of this research are eight gossip news texts taken from
perezhilton.com exposing some Hollywood celebrities. The primary data are all
appraising items in the texts, and the secondary data are the information of the texts‟ writer, Perez Hilton. The technique of taking the sample is total sampling
because all data are analyzed. The triangulation applied in this research is only the source of data
triangulation . The data are taken from eight texts from perezhilton.com.
The analysis of the data is through some stages; domain, taxonomy, componential and finding cultural values.
G. Thesis Organisation
This research consists of five chapters. It is systematized as is explained the section below:
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION. This chapter is composed of research background, research objective, problem statement, research significance
benefits, scope of the research, research methodology and thesis organization. CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW contains the definition of
Systemic Functional Linguistics, Appraisal Theory and its types, Modality, Genre,
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1 Prosody, Ideology,
Mass Media, Gossip News Text, Website “perezhilton.com”, and Perez Hilton profile.
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY deals with research design, research location, sampling, data and source of data, data validity, data
analysis, and procedure of data analysis. CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION comprises
introduction, data descriptionfindings and discussion, including the explanations. CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION draws
conclusion and gives suggestion or recommendation about the subject matter discussed.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Systemic Functional Linguistics
Systemic-Functional Linguistics SFL is a theory of language focused on the concept of language function. While SFL accounts for the syntactic structure of
language, it places the functions of language as central what language does, and how it does it, in preference to more structural approaches, which place the elements of
language and their combinations as central. SFL starts at social context, and looks at how language both acts upon, and is constrained by, this social context adapted from
Matthiessen Halliday in http:www.isfla.orgSystemics. Furthermore, it is stated that a central notion is stratification. Such language is
analyzed in terms of four strata: Context, Semantics, Lexico-Grammar and Phonology-Graphology.
“Context concerns the Field what is going on, Tenor the social roles and relationships between the participants, and the Mode aspects of the channel of
communication ”, http:www.isfla.orgsystemicsDefinitiondefinition.html.
Systemic semantics includes what is usually called pragmatics. Semantics is divided into three components:
Ideational Semantics the propositional content; Interpersonal Semantics concerned with speech-function, exchange structure,
expression of attitude, etc.;
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Textual Semantics how the text is structured as a message, e.g., theme-structure, givennew, rhetorical structure etc.
In other word Halliday 1985 calls the components as “metafunctions”.
Metafunction s are fundamental components of meaning in language. All languages
are combined between two main kinds of meaning; „ideational‟ to understand the environment and „interpersonal‟ to act on the others in it. “Combined with these is
a third metafunctional component, the „textual‟ which breathes relevance into the other two ideational and interpersonal
.” Based
on Graham Lock on his book “Functional English Grammar: An Introduction for Second Language Teachers” 1996: pages 8–10, grammar is a
resource for making and exchanging meanings. There are three types of meanings within grammatical structures that can be identified:
a. Experiential meaning
Experiential meaning has to do with the ways language represents experience of the world and the inner world of thoughts and feelings. In other words, it is
concerned with how people talk about actions, happenings, feelings, beliefs, situations, states, and so on, the people and things involved in them, and the
relevant circumstances of time, place, manner, and so on. E.g. Mike arrived at 9.45.
It is about a person namely Mike performing an action in the past arrived at a certain time, at 9.45.
b. Interpersonal meaning
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Interpersonal meaning has to do with the ways in which people act upon one another through language by giving and requesting information, getting people to
do things, and offering to do things ourselves, and the ways in which people express judgments and attitudes, about such things as likelihood, necessity, and
desirability. E.g. a. Did Mike arrive at 9.45?
b. Mike might have arrived at 9.45. Even though both examples have the same experiential meaning as the previous
example, but they differ in other aspects of meaning. Mike arrived at 9.45
informs the listener that the event took place. Did Mike arrive at 9.45?
calls on the listener to confirm or deny that the event took place. Mike might have arrived at 9.45 introduces into sentence an
assessment by the speaker of the likelihood of the event actually having taken place.
c. Textual meaning
Textual meaning has to do with the ways in which a range of language is organized in relation to its context. It is important in the creation of coherence in
spoken and written text. E.g. He arrived at 9.45.
The name of the performer of the action has been replaced by the pronoun he
. The listener would need to refer to something in the context to know who he refers to.
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Almost all clauses in English simultaneously express these three aspects of meaning.
Meanwhile the Lexico-Grammar concerns the syntactic organization of words into expression. In addition, a functional approach is taken, involving analysis of the
expression in terms of roles such as Actor, AgentMedium, Theme Mood, etc. Halliday 1994 in http:www.isfla.orgSystemics. Another reference states that
“Lexicogrammar is stratum of language which expresses linguistics meanings and is itself expressed by phonology andor graphology; the grammar and lexicon of
language”, Odlin, 1994:324. “Phonology refers to the sound system of a particular language, roughly
corresponding to the more famili ar term pronunciation”, Lock, 1996: 3.
From the book “Perspectives on Pedagogical Grammar” which is a collection of original papers edited by Terence Odlin; Ruqaiya Hasan and Gillian Perrett
express that, there are four strata of a stratal theory of linguistics description. Picture below is to illustrate 1994: 189.
Figure 2.1. Four strata of Linguistics description
Context Categories
of social situation
Semantics Systems of
meaning
Lexicogrammar Systems of
wording
Phonology
Systems of sound
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There are three strata internal to language based on Systemic Functional model 188-189. They are: 1 semantics: systems of meaning, where the term
“meaning” is to be interpreted not simply as cognitivereferential meaning, as in formal linguistics, but all kinds of meanings already discussed; 2 lexicogrammar:
systems of wording, including both grammar and lexicon; 3 Phonology: systems of sound, both segmental and suprasegmental.
Context of situation is part of the external and internal environment of the
speakers. According to Systemic Functional Linguistics, the aspects of the social environment regularly highlighted by the language of the discourse can be assigned to
one or the other of the following categories: 1.
The social relations between the participants of the discourse; 2.
The nature of the social process, that is, what is being achieved in by the discourse;
3. The semiotic management of the interaction as a social event.
These three categories have been traditionally referred to in the Systemic Functional model as tenor, field, and mode of the discourse, and together they
constitute the schematic construct known as context of situation. 1994: 186
Table 2.1 The four strata of the SF model
Semiotic structure of situation Functional components of language
Field type of social action Associated with
Ideational metafunction Tenor social relations
Associated with Interpersonal metafunction
Mode verbal action and contact Associated with
Textual metafunction
. Clearly, Ruqaiya Hasan and Gillian Perrett write about interpersonal, textual,
and experiential meaning that;
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INTERPERSONAL METAFUNCTION: Language acts as a potential for expression of speakers‟ subjectivity – their assessment
of probability, obligation, and commitment; their attitudes and evaluations. Further, engaging in any use of language implies that
speakers roles to their addressees. 1994: 183 TEXTUAL METAFUNCTION of language: in any social use of
language, interactants indicate what can be taken as given, what is
new, what is the speaker‟s point of departure, whether further verbal action is anticipated, how the various parts of the discourse relate to
each other, what degree of specificity is needed to get the message across, whether information is presented as retrievable from what
has already been “said”, whether more information is to be presented in the on-going discourse, and so on. 1994: 184
The EXPERIENTIAL METAFUNCTION of language is the resource speakers draw on to construe their experience of the world
– both the outside world of physical phenomena and the inside world of feelings, beliefs and reflection. 1994: 184
In conclusion, SFL is concerned with functions of language in conveying meaning. The functions are called as metafunctions; Ideational, Interpersonal, and
Textual. Ideational is to interpret reality meaning or to express the spea kers‟
experience. Interpersonal is the meaning to express social and personal relation, evaluations and appraisal. Textual is the combination of both, realization of ideational
and interpersonal which is shown in the text. What will be discussed in this research is the interpersonal function. In
interpersonal meaning, the social relation between the participants and social interaction can be realized through intonation, tone, lexis used, modality, and also
text structure as a whole.
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B. Appraisal Theory
