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E.g. beautiful lady
3. Metaphor: a word or group of words that have connotation meaning.
E.g. dull like the dead.
4. Swearing: a profanity words or cursing.
E.g. WTF, Bullshit
2. Focus
Focus covers those meanings which are elsewhere typically analyzed
under the headings of „hedging‟ and „vague language‟. Typical values are, he kindy admitted it; he effectively admitted it, he as good as admitted etc; a whale
is a fish, sort’y. Under appraisal theory, values which sharpen rather than blur the
focus are also included - for example a true friend, pure folly, he drank his friend under the table, literally
. White; 2001 Prototypicality focus manages scaling phenomena according to the
degree to which they match some supposed core or ideal case of a semantic category, for examples; true, real, genuine. Martin White, 2005: 137
The form of Focus can be up- scaling or „sharpen’, and down-scaling or
„soften’. Martin White, 2005: 138 E.g. a true love sharpen; an apology of sorts soften.
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This figure shows the system network for graduation: force and focus.
Figure 2.5 The system network of graduation Martin White, 2005 p. 154
The conclusion of the description above, appraisal is a theory that belongs to interpersonal meaning to show personal opinion and evaluation towards someone,
something, issues or performance. One person‟s evaluation might be different from
another. The evaluation is also called as attitude. Evaluation or attitude to someone is called judgment; evaluation to things is labeled as appreciation; and evaluation of the
feeling is named affect. The strength of those attitudes is measured by graduation or force
focus: a true X, an X of sorts infusing
quantification
isolating
up-scale down-scale
intensification Space: wide spread hostility
quality: slightly, very
extent masspresence: tiny, huge
number: few, many
distribution: narrow, wide Time: long-lasting hostility
proximity: recent, ancient
process: like, love, adore
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amplification. In addition, the resource of which the attitude comes from is called engagement
or source.
C. Modality
Beside appraisal theory, modality is another part of Interpersonal meaning which also contains appraisal. Halliday, 1994 from Martin and Rose, 2003, describes
“modality as a resource which sets up a semantic space between yes and no, a cline running betw
een positive and negative poles”. Furthermore he states that there are two kinds of modality, i.e. one for negotiating services, and the other for negotiating
information. Graham Lock on his book
“Functional English Grammar: An Introduction for second language teachers
”, expresses that modality is used in expressing judgments and attitudes.
There are two areas of modality. They are degrees of likelihood and degrees of requirement. Likelihood
is about “it is so” and “it is not so”. It is expressed by modal adjunct, modal auxiliaries, attributive clause, and mental process clause of
cognition. Meanwhile, requirement is about “do it” and “don‟t do it”. It expressed by
modal auxiliaries, clauses with verbs, and clauses with attributive. Beside likelihood and requirement, frequency, inclination, potentiality and ability can be regarded as
kinds of modality as well Graham Lock, 1996. Here are some examples of the modality to explain.
1. Likelihood
a. Modal auxiliaries modals of likelihood are classified into levels:
Kategori