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processed automatically. Lewis and Hill 1993: 54 state that speaking is a process that covers many things in addition to the pronunciation of individual sounds.
Widowson 1996: 54 believes that speaking is simply the physical embodiment of abstract system in the usage sense involve the manifestation of the
phonological system or of the grammatical system of language or both. Based on the definition above, it can be concluded that speaking is a
complex cognitive skill. When people speak, they produce not only sounds. Speaking is a process that covers the pronunciation of individual sounds which
demands fluency, intelligibility, appropriateness, and accuracy in its process.
b. Kinds of Speaking
According to Blumental 1963: 49, there are two kinds of speaking. The first is impromptu speaking and the second one is extemporaneous speaking.
1 Impromptu Speaking This kind of speaking is done on the spur of the moment with no
opportunity for preparation. Furthermore, this is also natural and enjoyable. It will help the speakers to gain poise in speaking before a
group. Moreover, it will help them to plan and share their ideas as they speak and give a valuable skill in all speaking situation. More importantly
it will help speakers to develop standards to use in evaluating more formal speeches, offering constructive criticism to each other, and will help them
improve their speaking skill. This type of speaking can be found all the time, most our conversation with friends, parents, teachers, employers, etc.
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People make these talks as work, home school, parties, etc. These impromptu talks include answering questions, giving opinions, or sharing
our knowledge about many topics with people on daily basis. 2 Extemporaneous Speaking
In extemporaneous speaking, the speakers know beforehand about the subject on which they may be called to speak. This kind of speaking can
be the most effective of all types. It has most of the advantages of impromptu speaking without the possible disadvantages of being
inadequately informed. Because speakers know the subject, they are not grouping for ideas. Because the speeches haven been planned but they have
not been memorized, speaking will seem spontaneous and natural. If audience reaction is not what speakers have anticipated, they may re-
explain a point or adopt their speech as necessary. In conclusion, impromptu speaking is done with no opportunity for
preparation which extemporaneous speaking is planned out to be memorized to carry out speaking activities particularly in language class.
c. Speaking Accuracy and Speaking Fluency
