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related to educational problems for improvement. It is done by practitioners or teacher, or collaboration of teachers and researchers by means of their own
practical action and their own reflection upon the effect to those actions.
D. The Procedures of Action Research
Based on Kemmis and Taggart in Hopkins, 1993: 48, the procedures of each step can be explained as follows:
1. Identifying Problems and Planning The problems were identified first before planning the action. The problems in
this study refer to the factors causing the low speaking skill of the students. The problems are identified by using three techniques as follows:
Document Analysis is conducted by analyzing the English scores of the previous English class that is final examination in the first semester,
interviewing the students is done to get accurate data about the problems causing students’ low speaking while observation is done in order to know the
student behavior during the teaching-learning process and to know the model of class management and the quality of teaching and learning process of
English. After knowing the problems and their causes, the next step is planning the
action as follows: a. Making lesson plan, and designing the steps in doing the action.
b. Preparing materials, preparing sheets for classroom observation to know the situation of teaching- learning process when the technique is applied.
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c. Preparing list of students’ name and scoring in order to put the students into groups.
d. Preparing teaching aids book, work sheet, LKS, etc. e. Preparing a test
2. Implementing the Action Following is the implementation of TGT to improve students’ speaking skill
according to the prepared plan. In general, the writer arranges the research steps as follows:
a. Pre-teaching grouping the students and giving simple instructions b. Class-Presentation
c. Team study d. Game
e. Tournament f. Team recognition
3. Observing Monitoring the Action Observation is one of the instruments which are used in collecting the data. The
classroom action research is carried out by the researcher herself as the teacher of English class. She observes the students’ activities while teaching and
learning process occurs. The researcher does the teaching and learning process by using Teams Games Tournaments TGT. She implements the lesson plan
she has composed. The English teacher, as an observer, will give some input and suggestions to the researcher. The writer observed and noted all activities
during the teaching process in a field note.
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4. Reflecting the Result of the Observation The writer and teacher make an evaluation on the observation result to find out
the positive results and the weaknesses during the action. The weaknesses can be refined in the next cycle, to improve the effectiveness of Teams Games
Tournaments TGT in order to improve the quality of teaching speaking. In conducting the evaluation process, the researcher gave pre-test before
starting the action and at the end of cycle one, students was given post-test. The indicator is students can improve their skill in speaking activity.
Considering that the pre-test and post-test are focused at speaking ability, the researcher used scale of oral testing criteria proposed by Ur. The candidates are
tested on fluency and accuracy, and may get a maximum of five points on each of these two aspects, ten points in all Ur, 1996: 135.
Accuracy Score Fluency
Score Vocabulary Grammar
Pronunciation Communication
Little vocabulary
Grammar error
very a
little correct
Pronunciation error very a
little correct 1
Little or
no communication
1
Poor vocabulary
Mistake in basic
May have very strong
foreign 2
Very hesitant and brief
utterances, 2
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grammar accent
sometimes difficult to understand
Adequate but not rich
vocabulary Occasional
grammar slips
Slight foreign
accent 3
Gets ideas across, but hesitantly and
briefly 3
Good range of
vocabulary Occasional
grammar slips
Slight foreign
accent 4
Effective communication in
short turns 4
Wide vocabulary
appropriate used
Virtually no
grammar slips
Native-like or
slight foreign
accent 5
Easy and effective communication,
uses long turns 5
Total Score: 10 Table 3.4. Table of Speaking Test
5. Revising the Plan
After doing observation, the researcher continued to the next step, namely reflection. The researcher reflected how the teaching and learning process runs
using Teams Games Tournaments. It is very important to know the strengths and the weaknesses of the action. The result of this reflection is very useful for
the next cycle to reach the goal which has been stated before.
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E. The Technique of Collecting Data
