And characterization also called as personality. Personality attempts to explain the development of personal aspects and adjustment Crow and Crow,
1956: 228. Crow and Crow have said that personality reflects the development of the personal aspects; it means that the function of a person’s
behavior influences to their environment and it determines the kind of person he eventually will become. In this case, the personality is used in the story or
drama, so the readers can imagine how does the character alive. According to Barnet 2005: 338
Characterization is the presentation of a character, whether by direct description, by showing the character in action, or by the presentation
of other characters who help to define each other.
On the definition above explains that the characterization is showing the character in action or to help other characters to define each other. The readers
know the characterization of each character from the actions that was performed by the character in the story or play.
Robert W. Boynton and Maynard Mack in Introduction to the Short Story explained the way a writer revealed the characters in the novel. The
characters can be revealed based on: a. The action
Stories show characters in action. Therefore, the most obvious method for revealing the character is through what a person does. Boynton and Mack,
1965, 27 b. The word
Another way of revealing what people are like is to show what they say. Boynton and Mack, 1965, 28
c. The thinking A writer may also reveal the character of people by showing what they
think. For example, we learn about the characters’ passion, precision, caution, and self-control primarily through their own reflections on what is
going on. Boynton and Mack, 1965, 28 d. The comment of others to the characters
Much can be shown about a character by the way others react to him, or by what they say about him. Boynton and Mack, 1965, 29
e. The reaction of characters to their surroundings One of the commonest ways to reveal the character is to show how a
person reacts to his surroundings-to things and places. Boynton and Mack, 1965, 29
f. The direct description or explanation
A final method of character revelation is through direct description or explanation by the author. It is a separate way of portraying character,
since an author is, after all, in complete control of everything that goes into his story Boynton and Mack, 1965: 29-30.
2. The Relation between Literature and Psychology
The writer found in some studies literature and psychology cannot be separated. It is because both of them have close relation in which some of
literary works take the issue of psychology as the basic idea as Wellek and Werren purposed. In their book Theory of Literature Wellek and Werren,
1956: 81 the term psychology of literature has four possible meanings. The first is the psychological study of the author as a type or as an individual. The
second is the study of creative process. The third is the study of psychological types and laws presented within works literature, and the last ism the effect of
literature upon readers. They stated that people learn theory of psychology that is revealed in the works of literature by analyzing the works itself.
Another comes from Cohen in his book Humanistic Psychology, he stated that literature and psychology has relation in exploring human’s life, in
a variety of ways, a psychological approach has opened new avenues to the study of literature 1958: 189. Actually those two theories have shown and it
became the proof of the relation between literature and psychology. Analyzing literary works can be reflected certain psychological subjects. And one
example of it is the struggle James J. Braddock of survival toward them poverty.
3. Theory of Motivation
The motivation uses for answer the question of why, such as “why do people behave as they do?” or “why do people persist in doing certain actions,
even they know that those are not exactly given to them?” It shows that motivation is relevant to the reason people do those kinds of things.
According to Baron in his book entitled Annotated Instructor’s Edition, Psychology Third Edition, stated that
Motivation is internal processes that can’t be directly observed, but which activate, guide, and maintain their overt behaviors Baron, 1995:
375.
We can also say that such actions occur because the persons involved are motivated to perform them.
4. Theory of Struggle
According to Braun, Linder and Asimov in the book Psychology Today 1979 are stated that in people’s life there are many life events
happening. For every life events will make people to force themselves to make some struggles in their life. For example of life events such as divorce, death
of spouse, gaining a new family member, personal injury or illness, family members leaving home, and many other. While people try to deal with all
these problems and challenges of life, they will need to adjust their selves. For that reason, how people react from all these events is one aspect of the process
called adjustment Braun, L.A, 1979: 479-480. In their book, Braun, Linder and Asimov says that adjustment is just a process of copying the events,
problems, challenges, and other difficult situations which occur in people’s life.
They stated that adjustment is divided into three categories. 1. The problem solving. When people try to deal with their problems, they
will seek out the solutions. By facing different problems in life, people
