Autonomous and Collaborative Learning

able to develop and control their own learning, and they are responsible for their learning progress.

2. Autonomous and Collaborative Learning

One principle of CALL is students‟ autonomy. Edge and Wharton defines learner autonomy as learners‟ responsibility in engaging in their own learning Tomlinson 1998. Similarly, Sinclair 2000 suggests that autonomy involves the willingness to be responsible in the learning process. Furthermore, Sinclair 2000 also asserts that to develop learner autonomy, learners should be aware of the learning process. This awareness includes the reflection and decision-making process conducted by the learners Borg 2012. It is conducted by reflecting the learning values into their own experience. By developing autonomous learning, learners will be able to control and monitor their own progress, and decide what they should do to improve and develop their progress Lloyd 2000. Autonomous learning also deals with learner-centered learning, in which it covers individual as well as social dimension in creating independent and collaborative learning OlesovaMeloni in Hubbard Levy 2006. These dimensions are related to the idea of constructivism proposed by Piaget and Vygotsky, in which learning is an individual and social learning respectively Sjoberg 2007. As suggested by Piaget and Vygotsky about individual and social learning, Taber 2006 also asserts that learner construct knowledge through collaborative interaction with others. In additional, learning should result from social interaction among learners through communication, activities, and interactions with others Swan 2005. Jones and Youngs suggest that collaborative learning is the key of successful online learning Hubbard Levy 2006. Thus, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI leaner autonomy and collaborative learning are the significant elements that should be developed in e-learning. With the use of web-based learning, students will be autonomous or independent with their own learning and they will be collaborative with other students. First, web-based learning provides them with the ready materials for the whole semester that can be accessed every time. These materials cover the whole units with different sources. Therefore, students can improve and develop their learning progress by accessing the ready-materials autonomously or independently whenever they need them. Second, online chat, forum, and discussions are provided for the students so that they will make use of these applications to conduct collaborative learning Jones Youngs in Hubbard Levy 2006. Sharing information via e-mail or messaging in asynchronous communication and chat in synchronous communication will enhance the solid collaboration Hanson-Smith in Hubbard Levy 2006. They may discuss the materials using these applications at any time

3. Web-Based Learning for Teaching Writing