Adult intimate relationship are often defined by emotional responsiveness, when needs for closeness, support and security are either met or not met.
Attachment security occurs when partners can provide comfort and support to one another during emotionally difficult times.
2.1.5 Concept of Love
Psychologist Robert Stenberg explains love with his triangular theory of love that describes types of love based on three different scales: intimacy, passion,
and commitment. Different stages and types of love can be explained as different combinations of these three elements as seen in the table below:
Table 1. Types of Love Combinations of intimacy, passion, and commitment
Intimacy Passion Commitment Liking
Infatuation Empty love
Romantic love Companionate love
Fatuous love Consummate Love
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The first kind of love is liking which is this intimate personal relationship characterizes true friendship, in which a person feels a bondedness, a warmth, and
a closeness with another but not intense passion or long-term commitment. Second is infatuated love that is often what is felt as love at first sight. Third is
empty love that can be described as love which the commitment remains, but the
intimacy and passion have died. Fourth is romantic love that is understood as love which is bonded emotionally as in liking and physically through passionate
arousal. Fifth is companionate love that is often found in marriages in which the passion has gone out of the relationship but deep affection and commitment
remains. It is stronger than friendship because of the extra element of commitment. The love is ideally shared between family members or between deep
friends who spend a lot of time together in any asexual but friendly relationship. Sixth is fatuous love that can be described as love which is a commitment is
motivated largely by passion, without the stabilizing influence of intimacy. The last one is consummate love that can be described as the complete form of love
that involves all three elements: intimacy, passion, and commitment. Liking and romantic love are used in the study because it can be used to
analyzed what kind of love relationship that occurs between Shimamura and Komako, and to answer the second problem formulation.
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2.2 Theoretical Framework
The analysis explains some theories to answer the problems proposed in the problem formulation. They are critical approaches to literature, theory of
character and characterization, theory of intrinsic motivation and social motives, attachment theory and also concept of love.
First, the theory of critical approaches to literature and theory of character and characterization are used to find out the answer of the first problem
formulation, which is to reveal the characters of Shimamura as the main character of the novel. The theory of critical approach proposed by Rohrberger
and Woods is used in order to help analyzing the main character so that the answer of the first problem formulation is able to be found. The theory of
character and characterization proposed by Murphy which is presenting nine ways in knowing the character in a story is also used to get deeper understanding
on the character. The theory of intrinsic motivation and social motives by David
McClelland, attachment theory by John Bowlby, and concept of love by Robert Stenberg are used in the study in order to find out the second formulation about
the motivation of the main character, Shimamura, to have a love relationship with a geisha, Komako.
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