2.1.3 Theory of Motivation
People conduct some actions because of some reasons or motive. Motive differs from motivation. Motive is a power or factor within a human that arouses,
directs, and organizes behaviour, while motivation is a reason or drive that causes a person to do something or conduct an action or to give a certain attitude his or
her behaviour. Kalish in his The Psychology of Human Behavior says that “motivated
behaviour is behaviour set into motion by a need. A need indicates that some type of satisfaction is lacking and implies that the organism is activated to reduce the
dissatisfaction 29.”
Maslow in Goble’s The Third Force says that people conduct action to fulfil their needs. He says that “man is initially motivated by series of basic needs;
as these are satisfied; he moves toward the level of the higher level of higher needs and becomes motivated by them 47.”
2.1.4.1 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
Worchel and Shelbilske 408 divide motivations into two kinds. They are extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation comes from the
external factors of an individual. The external factors may come from their desires to pay, status, grades, promotion, and similar types of rewards.
The other kind of motivation is the intrinsic motivation. When people do actions which are derived from the enjoyment and satisfaction, it is called intrinsic
motivation. In addition, Worchel and Shelbilske state that intrinsic motivation has
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two bases, they are: the people should control their behaviour and they should have feeling as a capable and a competent person. Basically, the difference
between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation is activated by some rewards while intrinsic motivation is activated by enjoyment of the performance rather than an
expectation of reward.
2.1.4.2 Social Motives
David McClelland was an American psychologist who developed a theory in the 1980s that describes human motivation into a set of basic needs often
referred to as “the three social motives”. According to McClelland, everyone is more strongly motivated by some needs and less strongly by other needs.
Everyone has all three of these motives but simply with a different relative degree. The result of the needs is a unique mix that gives one its personality.
What McClelland found out during his research was that 80 percent of the daily mental activity could be related to the three social motives. They are with
other words those motives that are most common in the everyday life. Though the needs for security and nurturing are legitimate and widely studied motives they do
occupy so little of most western civilized people’s regular concerns that meant that it is possible to ignore them to a wide extend.
McClelland’s three social motives are: Need for achievement as the first that can be defined as the drive to transcend, the drive to accomplish in relation to
a set of standards and the drive to endeavour to succeed. Second is Need for affiliation
that can be understood as need for friendly and close interpersonal
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relationship. The third is Need for power that can be understood as the need to make others behave in a way they would not have behaved otherwise.
The need for affiliation or can be said as affiliate motive is used in this study to analyze the motivation of the main character, Shimamura who has a love
relationship with a geisha, because it is related to the interpersonal relationship as discussed to answer the second problem formulation.
2.1.4.3 Attachment Theory
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