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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents Review of Related Theories, Theoretical Framework. Review of Related Theories contains the theories or the approaches
that are relevant with the study. In the Theoretical Framework, the contribution of the theories and review that are used to solve the problems in the study, will be
discussed or explained.
2.1 Review of Related Theories
In this study, some theories are used to support the analysis. They are theory of critical approach, theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of
motivation, and concept of love.
2.1.1 Critical Approaches in Literature
Appreciating literary works can be in different ways for every reader. One way to do it is by giving evaluative judgements. Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H.
Woods said, “To have a reasonable judgement, we need to employ a means, which is called critical approach” 3. Therefore, readers need some appropriate
approaches known as critical approach to literature. It helps the readers to gain better understanding in the nature, function, and positive values of literary works.
There are five kinds of critical approaches, namely: formalist approach,
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sociocultural-historical approach, biographical approach, mythopoeic approach and psychological approach.
Only one approach is used in this study. It is psychological approach. Rohrberger and Woods state that this approach leads us to analyze the novel from
psychological points of view of human beings. That is from the organization of thought and feelings of the character. Moreover, it is also explaining and
understanding the human motivation 13. The Psychological approach helps to understand the character’s personality and behaviour pattern better because it is
from psychological point of view which is related to the motivations. Since this study aims at analyzing Shimamura’s motivation in having relationship with a
geisha, so that psychological approach is used in terms of psychological aspects to analyze his motivation.
2.1.2 Character
According to Abrams in his A Glossary of Literary Terms defines character as “The persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who interrupt
the readers as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they-say-the dialogue and by what they-do-the action 20.”
There are two kinds of character that are stated in Abram’s A Glossary of Literacy Terms. “Flat” character also called “type character or two- dimension
character refers to a character which is shaped in a “single idea or quantity” is the first type. Therefore, the author describes the flat character in a brief explanation.
The character description is not presented in details. It can be in a short sentence
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or phrase. The second type of character is “round” character, means a character who which is “complex in temperament and motivation.” Thus, an author will
describe the character like a real people who can give unpredictable actions. In a novel or a short story, the author provides the reader with the “subtle particularly”
of the character 21. According to Ian Milligan in The Novel in English, there are two kinds of
characters based on their role in a story, namely as Major and Minor Characters 155. The Major character is the character that becomes the focus in the story
from the beginning until the end and it is perform the important role in clarifying the theme of the story. In other word, if we understand the major character of the
story, we also understand the theme of the story. The Minor characters are those who appear in a certain setting and just necessarily to become the background of
the major characters. In other word, their role in the story is less important than the major character does.
Holman and Harmon in their A Handbook to Literature classify characters into Static and Dynamic characters. A Static character is one who changes little
or who does not change at all. The pattern of action reveals the character rather than showing the character changing in response to the actions. A Dynamic
character is one who very often changes or who is modified by actions and experiences and one objective of the work in which the character appears is to
reveal the consequences of these actions 83.
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2.1.3 Characterization