word, characterization is the process by which the writer reveals the personality of character. It means characterization refers to the way in which
the author and the actors establish character, through particular feature of dialogues, action, gesture manual, facial or both and so on.
B. Hybridity and Hybrid Identities in Postcolonial Studies
The term postcolonial refers to all aspects of culture that is influenced by the process of colonial occupation, until recently.
8
According to Loomba, Postcolonial studies is a resistance to the domination and the legacies of
colonialism.
9
The study was sued social hierarchy, power structure, and colonial discourse.
10
Colonial discourse is the construction of knowledge that works in a binary opposition that is spread through a system of representation.
It contains the ideology that places Europe superior to the colonized.
11
Foulcher, Keith and Tonny Day said that postcolonial approaches in literature are reading strategies that consider and put forward the effects of
colonialism and its impact on literary texts, and the position of the subject of post-colonial writers and narrative voice.
12
This approach is used not to reveal the practices that are directly sue colonial domination. Postcolonial
8
Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffith, and Helen Tiffin, ed. 1989. The empire writes back: Theory and Practice in post-colonial literature. London and New York: Routledge. p.2
9
Ania Loomba.
2003. Kolonialismepascakolonialisme.
Translated by
Hartono Hadikusumo. Yogyakarta: Bentang Budaya.
10
Gilbert, Helen and Joanne Tompkins. 1996. Post-colonial Drama: Theory, Practice, Politics. London and New York: Routledge. p. 2
11
Ania Loomba,1998. ColonialismPostcolonialism. Great Britain: London and New York Routledge, pp. 47-46, 68, 105, 181-181, 232
12
Foulcher, Keith and Tonny Day. 2006. Clearing a Space: Kritik Pasca Colonial tentang Sastra Indonesia Modern. Translated by Bernard Hidayat. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, P. 3
approaches used to direct the formation of hybrid cultures and identities from the experiences of colonialism and all forms, as well as subjectivity and
representation in ways that preserve the view, or which undermines the cultural logic of colonialism and domination systems, or who are still
influenced by the cultural logic.
13
Understanding cultural identity that is used in this discussion is the definition put forward Hall
14
that looked at identity shaped by place, time, history, and a particular culture. The concept involves understanding and
Becoming and being associated with the past and future. Identity has a history, origin, and also underwent transformation. In this sense, the identity must be
placed in relation to the “Continuity” and with the experience of “Discontinuity” with cultural roots as a result of colonization.
15
Identities are the names we give to the different ways we are positioned by, and position ourselves within, the narratives of the past. cultural identities
are not fixed and is not essential but a positioning, identification of an unstable act made in the context of the discourses of history and culture. The definition
of cultural identity can explain the formation of new identities and the concept of cultural hybridity.
13
Ibid. p. 5
14
Stuart Hall. 1994. Cultural Identity and diaspora. Colonial Discourse and Post-colonial Theory: A reader. edited by Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman. New York: Harvester
Wheatsheaf, pp. 394-395.
15
Bill
Ashcroft, Gareth Griffith, and Helen Tiffin, ed. 1989. The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-colonial Literature. London and New York: Routledge, p. 444
Ascroft, Griffiths and Tiffin considers hybridity in postcolonial studies as a strength rather than as a weakness.
16
Hybridity shows the nature of the interplay between the culture of the ruling and the ruled. This concept
emphasizes the ability of colonized cultures to survive and how he had become embedded in the form of a new culture.
According to Homi Bhabha,
17
hybridity is the third space, the space threshold liminal space, or the space between inbetweenness in which
differences overlap. The exchange of values, meanings and priorities in it, not always be collaborative or dialogical, but contrary, invites conflict, and not
balanced. The third room provides a place for the development of selfhood strategies that create new signs of identity, and a place for cooperation and
contestation in search of community identity. Hybridity is also a political solution to exit the binary opposition between Other and Self identity and
emerged as the Other of Itself.
18
Hybridity has the character of mimicry. According to Bhabha:
19
“Mimicry is, thus the sign of a double articulation; a complex strategy of reform, regulation and discipline, appropriates the
Other as it visualizes power. Mimicry is also the sign of the inappropriate, however, a difference or recalcitrance which
coheres the dominant strategic function of colonial power,
16
ibid. p.183
17
Graves, Benjamin. 1998. Homi K. Bhaba: The liminal negotiation of cultural difference. accessed via http:www.poscolonialweb.orgpoldiscourseBhabha2.htm on December 12, 2010 at
23:10
18
Bhabha, Homi K. Cultural Diversity and Cultural Differences. The pos-colonial studies reader. edited by Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin. London and New York:
Routledge, p. 209.
19
Bhaba, Homi K. 1994. Of mimicry and man: The ambivalence of colonial discourse. The location
of culture,
85-92. London
and New
York: Routledge.
accessed via
http:prelectur.stanford.edulecturersbhabhalocation1.html on July 6, 2010 at 20:34. p. 88
intensifies surveillance, and poses an immanent threat to both normalized know ledges and disciplinary powers”
Mimicry means that in the colonial context also means scorn
mockery, a sign of colonial authority as well as a sign of failure to colonial rule. The desire to dominate and retain power, leading to the
colonial government created the colonized as “Other”, and “Knowable”. The nature of this ambivalence of colonial discourse was to create a hybrid
character of a people who ruled that Almost but not Quite the Same, which was difficult to be conquered and become a threat. Ambivalent
nature of colonial discourse is what open space for the resistance of the colonized.
20
20
Leela Gandhi, 1998. Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction. Sidney: Allen Unwin, p. 149
CHAPTER III ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEL