Hybridity and Hybrid Identities in Postcolonial Studies

word, characterization is the process by which the writer reveals the personality of character. It means characterization refers to the way in which the author and the actors establish character, through particular feature of dialogues, action, gesture manual, facial or both and so on.

B. Hybridity and Hybrid Identities in Postcolonial Studies

The term postcolonial refers to all aspects of culture that is influenced by the process of colonial occupation, until recently. 8 According to Loomba, Postcolonial studies is a resistance to the domination and the legacies of colonialism. 9 The study was sued social hierarchy, power structure, and colonial discourse. 10 Colonial discourse is the construction of knowledge that works in a binary opposition that is spread through a system of representation. It contains the ideology that places Europe superior to the colonized. 11 Foulcher, Keith and Tonny Day said that postcolonial approaches in literature are reading strategies that consider and put forward the effects of colonialism and its impact on literary texts, and the position of the subject of post-colonial writers and narrative voice. 12 This approach is used not to reveal the practices that are directly sue colonial domination. Postcolonial 8 Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffith, and Helen Tiffin, ed. 1989. The empire writes back: Theory and Practice in post-colonial literature. London and New York: Routledge. p.2 9 Ania Loomba. 2003. Kolonialismepascakolonialisme. Translated by Hartono Hadikusumo. Yogyakarta: Bentang Budaya. 10 Gilbert, Helen and Joanne Tompkins. 1996. Post-colonial Drama: Theory, Practice, Politics. London and New York: Routledge. p. 2 11 Ania Loomba,1998. ColonialismPostcolonialism. Great Britain: London and New York Routledge, pp. 47-46, 68, 105, 181-181, 232 12 Foulcher, Keith and Tonny Day. 2006. Clearing a Space: Kritik Pasca Colonial tentang Sastra Indonesia Modern. Translated by Bernard Hidayat. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, P. 3 approaches used to direct the formation of hybrid cultures and identities from the experiences of colonialism and all forms, as well as subjectivity and representation in ways that preserve the view, or which undermines the cultural logic of colonialism and domination systems, or who are still influenced by the cultural logic. 13 Understanding cultural identity that is used in this discussion is the definition put forward Hall 14 that looked at identity shaped by place, time, history, and a particular culture. The concept involves understanding and Becoming and being associated with the past and future. Identity has a history, origin, and also underwent transformation. In this sense, the identity must be placed in relation to the “Continuity” and with the experience of “Discontinuity” with cultural roots as a result of colonization. 15 Identities are the names we give to the different ways we are positioned by, and position ourselves within, the narratives of the past. cultural identities are not fixed and is not essential but a positioning, identification of an unstable act made in the context of the discourses of history and culture. The definition of cultural identity can explain the formation of new identities and the concept of cultural hybridity. 13 Ibid. p. 5 14 Stuart Hall. 1994. Cultural Identity and diaspora. Colonial Discourse and Post-colonial Theory: A reader. edited by Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, pp. 394-395. 15 Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffith, and Helen Tiffin, ed. 1989. The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-colonial Literature. London and New York: Routledge, p. 444 Ascroft, Griffiths and Tiffin considers hybridity in postcolonial studies as a strength rather than as a weakness. 16 Hybridity shows the nature of the interplay between the culture of the ruling and the ruled. This concept emphasizes the ability of colonized cultures to survive and how he had become embedded in the form of a new culture. According to Homi Bhabha, 17 hybridity is the third space, the space threshold liminal space, or the space between inbetweenness in which differences overlap. The exchange of values, meanings and priorities in it, not always be collaborative or dialogical, but contrary, invites conflict, and not balanced. The third room provides a place for the development of selfhood strategies that create new signs of identity, and a place for cooperation and contestation in search of community identity. Hybridity is also a political solution to exit the binary opposition between Other and Self identity and emerged as the Other of Itself. 18 Hybridity has the character of mimicry. According to Bhabha: 19 “Mimicry is, thus the sign of a double articulation; a complex strategy of reform, regulation and discipline, appropriates the Other as it visualizes power. Mimicry is also the sign of the inappropriate, however, a difference or recalcitrance which coheres the dominant strategic function of colonial power, 16 ibid. p.183 17 Graves, Benjamin. 1998. Homi K. Bhaba: The liminal negotiation of cultural difference. accessed via http:www.poscolonialweb.orgpoldiscourseBhabha2.htm on December 12, 2010 at 23:10 18 Bhabha, Homi K. Cultural Diversity and Cultural Differences. The pos-colonial studies reader. edited by Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin. London and New York: Routledge, p. 209. 19 Bhaba, Homi K. 1994. Of mimicry and man: The ambivalence of colonial discourse. The location of culture, 85-92. London and New York: Routledge. accessed via http:prelectur.stanford.edulecturersbhabhalocation1.html on July 6, 2010 at 20:34. p. 88 intensifies surveillance, and poses an immanent threat to both normalized know ledges and disciplinary powers” Mimicry means that in the colonial context also means scorn mockery, a sign of colonial authority as well as a sign of failure to colonial rule. The desire to dominate and retain power, leading to the colonial government created the colonized as “Other”, and “Knowable”. The nature of this ambivalence of colonial discourse was to create a hybrid character of a people who ruled that Almost but not Quite the Same, which was difficult to be conquered and become a threat. Ambivalent nature of colonial discourse is what open space for the resistance of the colonized. 20 20 Leela Gandhi, 1998. Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction. Sidney: Allen Unwin, p. 149

CHAPTER III ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEL