Al-hiwar fi al-fidio min al-ahkam al-qur'an dirasah Bragmatiyyah ijmaiyyah
ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﺣﻜــﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ
)ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ(
ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ:
ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺎﺭﻑ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ١٠٦٠٢١٠٠٠٨٤٧ :
ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ
ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻧﻴﺔ
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗــﺎ
٢٠١١ﻡ ١٤٣٢/ﻫــــ
ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﺣﻜــﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ
)ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ(
ﲝﺚ
ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ
ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ )(S.S.
ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ:
ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺎﺭﻑ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ١٠٦٠٢١٠٠٠٨٤٧ :
ﲢﺖ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻑ
)ﳏﻤﺪ ﻭﻟﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﻴﺘﲑ(
ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ
ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻧﻴﺔ
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗــﺎ
٢٠١١ﻡ ١٤٣٢/ﻫــــ
ﺃ
ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ
ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺻﺮﺣﺖ ﺑﺄﻥ:
.١
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻛﺘﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻟﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ
ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ -ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
.٢
ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺿﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ
ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ -ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
.٣
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺤﺎﻝ ﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ
ﻓﺄﺳﺘﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﺘﻠﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺮﺭﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ
ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ -ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ٢٤ ،ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﲑ ٢٠١١ﻡ
ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺎﺭﻑ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ
ﺏ
ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﲤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﻪ " :ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﺣﻜــﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ )ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ
ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ( " ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ
ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ – ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ،ﰲ ١٢ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ٢٠١١ﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ٢٨
ﳏﺮﻡ ١٤٣٣ﻩ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻪ ﺷﺮﻃﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ )(S.S
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ٢٤ ،ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﲑ ٢٠١١ﻡ
٢٨ﺫﻭ ﺍﳊﺠﺔ ١٤٣٢ﻩ
ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ
ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺘﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻭﻋﻀﻮ
ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻭﻋﻀﻮ
ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻧﺪﺱ ﺃﺩﺍﻧﺞ ﺃﺳﺪﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ
ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻧﺪﺓ ﺟﻬﻴﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﻧﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ١٩٥٩٠٥١٠١٩٩١٠٣١٠٠١:
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ١٩٧٥٠٦٣٠٢٠٠٣١٢ :
ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ
ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺶ
ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻑ
ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺯﺑﲑ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ
ﳏﻤﺪ ﻭﻟﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ١٩٧٣١٢٣١١٩٩٩٠٣١٠٢:
ﺝ
ﲡﺮﻳﺪ
ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺎﺭﻑ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ " :ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﺣﻜــﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ' :ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ
ﺑﺮﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ'"
ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﺣﱴ
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺎ ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ .ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﺘﻤﻊ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻻ
ﻳﻬﺘ ﻢ ﲟﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺒﻪ .ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ
ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳍﻢ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ.
ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺳﻴﺤﻠﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ )ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﻡ( ﺍﳌﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺗﻮﺏ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ .ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ
ﻳﻮﺗﻴﻮﺏ .ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ:
.١ﻭﺻﻒ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ ﰲ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ
.٢ﻭﺻﻒ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰱ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ.
ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﳛﻠﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﺀ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ :ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰱ
ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰱ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ.
ﺩ
ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ
ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ
ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ :ﺭﺏ ﺃﻭﺯﻋﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺷﻜﺮ ﻧﻌﻤﺘﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻧﻌﻤﺖ
ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻱ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﻞ ﺻﺎﳊﺎ ﺗﺮﺿـﺎﻩ ﻭﺃﺩﺧﻠـﲏ ﺑﺮﲪﺘـﻚ ﰲ ﻋﺒـﺎﺩﻙ
ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﲔ .ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻢ ﺻﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺷﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﲔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻪ ﻭﺻﺤﺒﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺗـﺒﻌﻬﻢ
ﺑﺈﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ.
ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ "ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳊـﻮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴـﺪﻳﻮ ﻣــﻦ
ﺃﺣﻜــﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ':ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ" ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻟﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﺷﺮﻁ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﰲ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ
ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
ﻭﰲ ﺇﲤﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﱄ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺃﺟﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛـﻞ
ﻣﻦ ﻟﻪ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﻭﺇﲤﺎﻡ ﲝﺜﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ،ﻭﺃﺧﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ:
ﻩ
(١
ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﻤﻴﺪ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﻭﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻗﺴﻢ
ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺩﺎ ﻭﺳﻜﺮﺗﲑﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺑ ﹼﺬﻟﻮﺍ ﺟﻬﺪﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺬﻳﱯ ﻭﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ
ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﱴ ﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ
ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
(٢
ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻭﻟﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﻴﺘﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﻀﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻹﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ.
(٣
ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻧﺪﻭﺱ ﺃﺩﺍﻧﺞ
ﺃﺳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﻭﻛﺎﺗﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﺟﻬﻴﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺍﻓﻘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﰱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ.
(٤
ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺗﻴﺬ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﺗﻴﺬﺓ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺩﺑﻮﺍ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻭﺭﺑﻮﻫﺎ ﺗﺄﺩﻳﺒﺎ ﺣﺴﻨﺎ ﻭﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﺣﱴ ﺃﻋﺮﻑ ﻭﺃﻓﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ
ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ.
(٥
ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺷﻜﺮﻯ ﻭﻓﺎﺋﻖ ﺇﺣﺘﺮﺍﻣﻲ ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻯ ﻷﰊ
ﺍﶈﺒﻮﺏ ﺳﺎﺗﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻭﺃﻣﻲ ﺍﶈﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻮﻧﺴﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﺭﺑﻴﺎﱐ ﺃﻗﻮﻡ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﻭ
ﻭﺃﺩﺑﺎﱐ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺗﺄﺩﰊ ﻭﺃﻧﻔﻘﺎ ﻋﻠ ﻲ ﺑﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﳌﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ .ﻋﺴﻰ ﺍﷲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻬﺪﻳﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻛﺔ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺣﻴﺎﻤﺎ.
(٦
ﺍﻷﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻣﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ،ﻗﺪ ﻧﺼﺮﻭﱐ ﻭﺳﺎﻋﺪﻭﱐ
ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ ﻹﲤﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ.
ﻭﺍﷲ ﻋﺰ ﻭﺟﻞ ﺃﺳﺄﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﻓﻘﻬﻢ ﻭﳚﺰﻳﻬﻢ ﺑﺄﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺮﺓ.
ﻭﻋﺴﻰ ﺍﷲ ﺃﻥ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻋﻤﻼ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺎ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻻ .ﺁﻣﲔ .ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍ ،ﻓﺄﻧﺎ
ﺃﻋﺘﺮﻑ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺇﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺴﺮﱐ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ
ﻭﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻋﺰﺍﺀ.
ﺖ ﻭﻣـﺎﺗ ﻮﻓـﻴﻘﻲ ﺇﹺ ﱠﻻ ﺑﹺﺎﷲِ ﻋﻠﹶـﻴﻪ
ﺇﹺ ﹾﻥ ﹸﺃﺭﹺﻳـ ﺪ ﺇﹺ ﱠﻻ ﹾﺍﻹِﺻـﻼﹶﺡ ﻣﺎﺍﺳـﺘﻄﹶ ﻌ
ﺐ) .ﻫﻮﺩ.(٨٨ :
ﺖ ﻭﺇﹺﻟﹶـﻴﻪ ﹸﺃﻧﹺﻴ
ﺗﻮﻛﱠـ ﹾﻠ
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ٢٤ ،ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﲑ ٢٠١١ﻡ
ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺎﺭﻑ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ
ﺯ
ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻑ ................................................ﺃ
ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ................................................ﺏ
ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ...........................ﺝ
ﲡﺮﻳﺪ .........................................................ﺩ
ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ............................................ﻩ
ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ..............................................ﻭ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ
ﺃ.
ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ١ .........................................
ﺏ .ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ٥ ..........................................
ﺝ .ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ٦ ......................................
ﺡ
ﺩ.
ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ٧ ......................................
ﻩ.
ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ٧ ......................................
ﻭ.
ﺧﻄﹼﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ٨ .............................................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ
ﶈﺔ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
ﺃ.
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
١٠ ................................
ﺏ .ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ١٥ ...............................
ﺝ .ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ١٨ ....................................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﻏﻤﺘﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﻏﻤﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ
ﺃ.
ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻄﻲ ١٩ ..........................................
ﺏ .ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻏﻤﺘﻴﺔ ٢١ ...............................................
ﻁ
ﺝ .ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ٢٥ ............................
ﺩ.
ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ٢٧ ........................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ
ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ
ﺃ.
ﺍﻟﻔﺪﻳﻮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ٢٩ ............................................
ﺏ .ﺍﻟﻔﺪﻳﻮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ٣٤ .............................................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ
ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ
ﺃ.
ﺍﳋﻼﺻﺔ ٤١ ................................................
ﺏ .ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ٤٢ .............................................
ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ٤٤ ...............................................
ﻱ
ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻘﺎﺕ
ﺃ( ﳏﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ٤٧ ........................................
ﺏ( ﳏﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ٤٧ .....................................
ﺕ( ﳏﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ٤٨ ....................................
ﻙ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ
ﺃ-
ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ
ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ ،ﺃﻥ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺁﻟﺔ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ .ﻭﻟﻜﻦ
ﲞﻼﻑ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻏﻮﺭﻳﺲ ﻛﺮﺍﻑ ) ،(Gorys Kerafﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻗﺎﻝ "ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ
ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ .ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻳﻮﺻﻒ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ
ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ".
١
ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻗﺎﻝ ﻛﺮﺍﻑ " : Kerafﺇﻥ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ .ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻷﺎ ﺗﻌﱪ ﺑﺼﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﰱ ﺫﻫﻨﻨﺎ .ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ
. Gorys Keraf, Komposisi Sebuah Pengantar Kemahiran Bahasa, (Jakarta: Nusa Indah, ١٩٩٣),
١
h. ٣
١
٢
ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﰱ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺣﱴ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ
ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺙ .ﻭﰱ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ،ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ
ﺷﺨﺺ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻜﺤﺤﺤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﺒﻘﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﻨﺔ .ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ
ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ".
٢
ﺇﺧﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺮﻭﻥ Brownﻭ ﻳﻮﱃ ، Yuleﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻘﻠﺖ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﺎ ﺃﺳﺘﻮﰐ ﰱ
ﺃﻃﺮﻭﺣﺘﻬﺎ ،ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﺘﻌﺘﱪ ﺑﺄﻥ ﳍﺎ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻓﺘﻌﺘﱪ ﺑﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ
ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ.
٣
ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻠﺖ
ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ .ﻭﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ
ﺍﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ ﰲ ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﺮﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ.
٢
. Ibid. hal. ٣-٧
.Susana Widyastuti, Analisis Percakapan Dalam ”Apa Kabar Indonesia”, (Tesis S٢ Linguistik,
Universitas -Gajah Mada, ٢٠٠٨). h. ١
٣
٣
ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ.ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻳﺆﻳﺪﻫﺎ
Alwasilahﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ " ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ "
”Communication is a proses by wich information is
exchanged between individual trough a common system of
”symbols, sings, or behavior
)ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ
ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ(.
٤
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻧﺘﺄﻣﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﲝﺚ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﻭﺗﻔﺘﻴﺸﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ.
ﻷﻥ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ
)in use
(Languageﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ
ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ.
ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭ ) (Conversation Analysisﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ )ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻔﻈﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﻏﲑ ﻟﻔﻈﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﺮﻱ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ(.
٤
.Unpad, Konsep Percakapan, Diakses ٢٤ November ٢٠٠٩, (http://pustaka.unpad.ac.id/wp
content/uploads/-٢٠٠٩/٠٧/konsep_percakapan.pdf).
٤
ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻴﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ
ﺍﳌﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ،ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ )ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻛﻢ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ( ﺃﻭ ﰲ
ﳏﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻋﺎﺭﺿﺔ.
٥
ﻭﻧﺸﺄ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﰲ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ
ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﲔ )ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻣﺜﻞ Sacks, Schegloff,ﻭ (Jeffersonﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ
ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻬﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲢﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﺍ ﺑﻌﺪ
ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺳﺲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺬﻫﺐ .Noam Chomsy
٦
ﻭﺫﻫﺐ ﺳﻨﺘﻮﻧﻮ ) (Santonoﺇﱃ ﺃ ﹼﻥ ﻫﺪﻑ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻷﺟﻞ ﻓﻬﻢ
ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻧﺎﺱ .ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎ ،ﺣﺎﻭﻝ
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ.
٧
٥
.Wikipedia,
Conversation
Analysis,
Diakses
٢٩
Novevember
٢٠٠٩,
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/conversation-_analysis).
٦
. Susi Yuliawati, ”Konsep Percakapan dalam Analisis Wacana,” (Makalah Fakultas Sastra,
Universitas Padjajaran, ٢٠٠٨), h. ٢١.
٧
.
Budi
Santoso,
Etnometodologi,
Diakses
٢٤
November
٢٠٠٩,
(http://budisantoso.blog.ugm.ac.id/٥٠/).
٥
ﻭﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ،ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃ ﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻻ
ﻳﺴﺘﺒﺪﻝ ﻣﻼﻣﺢ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻭﻫﻴﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ ﳛﻜﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ٨.ﻭﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻪ
ﺁﺧﺮ ﳌﺴﻠﻚ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻫﻮ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻲ ﻟﻸﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﻟﺪﺕ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺎﺕ ﰲ
ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ).(talk-in-interaction
٩
ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ "ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ" ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺄﺧﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻮﺗﻮﺏ ﻻﺋﻘﺎ
ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ،ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ )ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺏ ﻭﺃﻡ
ﻭﺇﺑﻨﲔ( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ.
ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺇﱃ ﲝﺚ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻫﻮ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻔﺤﺺ ﻋﻦ
ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭ ﰱ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ،ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲣﺘﱪ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ.
ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﳛﺮﺹ ﰲ ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ؟ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ﺃﻧﲏ ﺃﺭﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﲝﺜﻪ ﲝﺜﺎ
ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺎ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺃﻧﲏ ﺃﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﻫﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻔﺤﺼﻪ ﻭﲝﺜﻪ.
ﺏ -ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ
٨
. Deborah Schiffrin, Ancangan Kajian Wacana, (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, ٢٠٠٧), h. ٣٣٦.
. Susana Widyastuti, Analisis Percakapan Dalam ”Apa Kabar Indonesia”, (Tesis S٢ Linguistik,
Universitas Gajah Mada, ٢٠٠٨). h. ١.
٩
٦
ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺑﺎﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﲢﺖ
ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ " ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﰲ ﳏﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ " )ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ(،
ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻭﺃﳕﺎﻃﻬﺎ .ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ،
ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻫﻲ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻭﺃﳕﺎﻃﻬﺎ.
ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ،ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ـ ﻭﺃﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﱪ ﻳﻮﺗﻴﻮﺏ.ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻔﺖ
ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ،ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻓﻼﻡ ﻭﺃﻏﺎﱐ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔـ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺗﻮﻥ ﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ،
ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ.
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﳊﺞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﰲ ﲝﺚ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ،ﺃﺳﺘﻨﺒﻂ ﺃﻱ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺳﺄﺟﻬﺮ ﻫﻨﺎ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ:
.١ﻛﻴﻒ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﰱ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ "ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ"؟
.٢ﻫﻞ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ "ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ" ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ؟
٧
ﺝ -ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﳊﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ "ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ" ،ﻭﻳﺪﻭﺭﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺌﲔ ﻭﳘﺎ :
.١
ﻭﺻﻒ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﰱ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ.
.٢
ﻭﺻﻒ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰱ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ.
ﺩ -ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻭﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﳏﻘﻖ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ
ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ.ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎﻩ
ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ،ﻓﺄﻧﺎ ﺃﺭﺟﻮ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﰲ
ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎﻩ
ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻣﺎ ﻓﻜﺮﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻄﻼﺏ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻌﻤﻘﲔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ.
٨
ﻩ -ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ
) ،(descriptive-qualitative methodﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲢﺎﻭﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﳓﻮ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ ،ﺃﻭ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ .ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ
ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒ ،ﻓﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰒ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ؛ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ
ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ ،ﻷﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻮﺻﻒ ﺇﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﰱ
ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﺘﻔﺴﺮ
ﰱ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ )ﻻ ﰱ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﺪﺩﻳﺔ(.
ﻭﺍﻣﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺍﺻﺪﺭﺗﻪ
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ:
)Pedoman Penulisan Karya Ilmiah (Skripsi, Tesis, dan Disertasi
yang diterbitkan oleh Universitas Islam Syarif Negri Hidayatullah
Jakarta.
Pedoman Penulisan Skripsi Bahasa dan Sastra Arab, yang
diterbitkan oleh Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah
Jakarta, ٢٠٠٧ M.
٩
ﻭ -ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﳛﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲝﺜﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺎ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎ ﻭﺳﻬﻼ .ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺇﱃ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺃﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﻭﻫﻲ :
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ :ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﹼﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ
ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻬﺎ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ .ﻭﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ
ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻭﺧﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ :ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﶈﺔ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ ،ﻭ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ،ﻭ
ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ :ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ
١٠
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ :ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﰒ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ
ﶈﺔ ﻋﻦ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
-١ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺣﺪﻱ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻫﻮ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
)Analysis
(Discourseﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
discourse
ﺃﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ
ﻭﻫﻮ discursusﻭﻫﻮ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺙ )ﻭﻟﻮ ﺑﻼ ﻏﺮﺽ(.
١٠
ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺭﺟﻌﻨﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ،ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ discourseﻫﻮ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ
ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺔ .ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
discourse
ﺃﺩﺭﻙ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ
ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ )ﻣﺜﻼ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ(.
١٠
Herudjati Purwoko, Discourse Analysis: Kajian Wacana bagi Semua Orang. Jakarta: PT
Indeks. ٢٠٠٨), hal. ١
١١
١٢
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺭﺟﻌﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ،ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺐ ١١،ﻳﻘـﺎﻝ ﺧﺎﻃـﺐ
ﺧﻄﺎﺑﺎﹰ ،ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻌﺎﻻﹰ ﲞﻼﻑ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺔ ﻓﺎﻻﺻﻞ :ﺧﻄﺐ :ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻓﻬـﻲ
ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺐ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ؛ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ :ﺧﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺧﻄﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ
ﺧﻄﺎﺑﻪ ﻭﺧﻄﺒﻪ :ﺃﻟﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺧﻄﺒﻪ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻘﻴﻪ ﺍﳋﻄﻴـﺐ ]ﺍﳌﺮﺳـﻞ[ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ]ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻠﻘﻲ[ .
ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﻛﻼﻡ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ
ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭ ﻭﻻ ﺧﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻻ ﺑﺈﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺗﻀﻤﲔ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ
ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻹﻓﻬﺎﻡ ﺃﻭﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻻﻓﻬﺎﻡ.
١٢
١١ﺃﺗﺎﺑﻚ ﻋﻠﻲ .ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺱ "ﻛﺮﺍﺑﻴﺎﻙ" ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮﻱ ﻏﺮﰊ-ﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﺴﻲ .ﻳﻮﻛﻴﺎ ﻛﺮﺗﺎ :ﻣﻮﻟﱵ ﻛﺮﻳﺎ ﻛﺮﺍﻓﻴﻜﺎ .ﺹ.
٨٤٣
١٢ﲢﻠﻴﻞ
ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ،
ﻣﺎﺩﺓ
ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ
ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ
ﰲ
٢٨
ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ
،٢٠١٠
http://forum.moe.gov.om/~moeoman/vb/showthread.php?t=٢٣٧٢٥٩
ﻣﻦ
١٣
ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﺇﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﹰ :ﻫﻮ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ )ﻛﻼﻡ( ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺳـﻞ ﺍﱃ )ﻣﺘﻠﻘـﻲ(
ﺪﻑ ﺍﻻﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ؛ ﺍﻭ ﺣﻮﺍﺭﺍﹰ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺎﹰ ﲟﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﺼـﺎﻝ
)ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻠﻘﻲ( ﻣﺸﺎﻓﻬﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻟﻴﺔ.
ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﻫﻮ ﺯﻳﻠﻴﻚ ﺣﺎﺭﺙ )
١٣
Zellig
(Harrisﺳﻨﺔ ١٩٥٢ﻡ ،ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ .ﻓﺄﻭﻝ
ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﻫﻮ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ.
ﻗﺎﻝ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﺎﻭﺍﰐ ) ،(Yuliawatiﻧﺸﺄ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﻛﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴﻞ
ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ،ﻷﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ
ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ .ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ.
ﻗﺎﻝ ﺳﺘﻮﺑﺲ ):(Stubbs
“Attempts to study the organization of language above the
sentence or the clause, and therefore to study larger
١٣ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ.
١٤
linguistic units, such as conversational exchanges or
written texts. It follows that discourse analysis is also
concerned with language in use in social contexts, and in
between
dialogue
or
interaction
particular
with
speakers”.١٤
)=ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ
ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ،ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﻴﺔ.
ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ
ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ،ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﲔ
ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺛﲔ(.
ﻣﺰﻳﺪﺍ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﺎﻭﺍﰐ ) ،(Yuliawatiﺃﻥ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ
ﳛﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻱ ﻟﻐﺔ .ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻱ ،ﺃﻥ
ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﳛﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﳎﺮﺩ ﻭﺻﻔﻪ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ
ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ
ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺲ ﰲ ﺑﻼﻍ ﺃﻳﺎﻣﻬﻢ .ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻠﺨﺺ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
Deborah Schiffrin, Discourse Marker. Great Britain. (Cambridge University Press. ١٩٩٢), h.
١٤
١.
١٥
ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻛﺬﺍﻟﻚ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ
ﻣﻌﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺟﺪﺓ ﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻬﺎ.
ﰒ ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ .ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ ﴰﺖ
) (Schmittﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﺘﻤﻊ،
ﻣﺜﻼ ،ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ .ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻬﻢ
ﰲ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ .ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳛﻠﻞ
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻏﲑﳘﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ .ﻓﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ
ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺘﻤﻊ.
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ،ﻓﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﻗﺴﻤﺎﻥ؛ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺧﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ
ﻭﺧﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ١٥.ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻚ ﺟﺎﺭﻫﱵ ) ،(McCarhtyﺃﻥ
ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻠﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﻗﻬﺎ ،ﺇﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺷﻔﻮﻱ
ﻭﺇﻣﺎ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻴﺔ.
١٥
Susi Yuliawati. Konsep Percakapan dalam Analisis Wacana. (Makalah Fakultas Sastra,
Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, ٢٠٠٣). H. ٢.
١٦
ﻭﻗﺪ ﺇﺗﻀﺢ ﳑﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺁﻧﻔﺎ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﻟﻪ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ .ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﰱ
ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ،ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﰱ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ،ﻫﻲ:
.١
.٢
.٣
.٤
ﻧﺺ )ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﻴﺔ/ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ( ﻣﻨﻪ ﰱ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﱪ ،ﺍﳌﻼﻣﺢ،
ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ،ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ.
ﻛﻼﻡ )ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻟﻴﺔ( ﻣﻨﻪ ﰱ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﻠﺔ،
ﳏﺎﺩﺛﺔ ،ﺧﻄﺎﺑﺔ ،ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ.
ﻓﻌﻞ )ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ( ﻣﻨﻪ ﰱ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﻣﺎ/ﺍﳌﺴﺮﺣﻴﺔ،
ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺺ ،ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎﺋﻲ ،ﺍﳌﻮﻛﺐ ،ﺍﳌﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ،ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ.
ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺃﺛﺮﻳﺔ )ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ( ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱏ ،ﺍﳌﺸﻬﺪ،
ﺍﻷﺯﻳﺎﺀ ،ﺍﳊﻄﺎﻡ ،ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ.
-٢ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
ﺗﺜﻮﺗﻴﻨﻚ ) (Cuttingﰲ ﲝﺚ ﻟﻴﻴﺎ ﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
ﺇﱃ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ :ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ) ،(turn talking organizationﻭ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ )
.(organization
sequrce
١٦
١٦
Liya Lestari Muldiana. Analisis Percakapan dalam Film The Kingdom Satuan Kajian Pragmatis.
(Skripsi S١ Fakultas Bahasa, Universitas Widyatama, ٢٠٠٨). h. ١٨.
١٧
(Turn Talking Organization) ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ.١
١٧
“A conversation, by definition, always has ،
ﻗﺎﻝ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺭﻳﺲ
at least two participants, the conversation, who alternately
ﻔﻲ" ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﺃﻧ.assume the role of speaker and listener
ﺇﻣﺎ: ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺃﻳﻦ.ﺃﻱ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﺳﻮﻑ ﳒﺪ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ
١٨
.ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻭﺇﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ
ﰒ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻧﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻣﺒﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﻓﺴﻮﻑ ﳓﺘﺎﺝ
: ﻭﻫﻮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ،"translition-relevance place" ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ
١. At the first translition-relevance, the current speaker may hand
the floor to another speaker indicated by him; this next speaker
is obliged to take his turn
٢. If the current may at the same point take his turn, but he is not
obliged to do so.
١٨ . ﺹ،ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ١٧
١٨
١٨
٣. If no next speaker takes the turn at this pont, the first speaker
may continues his turn, but he is not obliged to do so.
ﻧﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ:
(١
ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ
place
،translition-relevanceﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺗﺐ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ
ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ؛ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ :ﺃﻭﻻ ،ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ
ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﻟﻴﻘﺪﻡ ﺭﺩﻫﺎ ،ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺩ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ.
(٢
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻓﺮﺻﺘﻪ،
ﻓﻴﺠﻮﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﺮﺻﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻻ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ.
(٣
ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﺮﺻﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ،ﻓﻴﺠﻮﺯ
ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ،ﺑﻞ ﻻ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ.
.٢ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ )(Sequrce Organization
ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ،
ﻭﻫﻲ"“these can be pr-
sequence, insertion sequence, and opening and closing
١٩
،"sequenceﻳﻌﲏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ
and openingandclosing sequence
pre-sequence, insertion
.sequence,
Pre-sequenceﻫﻲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﰲ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ) ،(per-invitationﻭﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ،ﻭﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ.
-٣ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻋﻨﺘﻄﻮﺭﲢﻠﻴﻼﳋﻄﺎﺏ
)analysis
(discourseﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻷﻣﺮ
ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ .ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺎﻝ ،ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﺇﺫﺍﺃﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺃﻧﻨﻔﻬﻤﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
).(theories of discourse
ﺟﻴﻤﺴﺐ.ﺟﻲ
)P. Gee
(Jamesﳝﻴﺰ ”“discourseﺇﱃ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ :ﺃﻭﻻ،
")"discourseﺑـ""dﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ( ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﰲ
ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ )” . (“on siteﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻭﻫﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ
ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺎﺕ .ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ،
Discourse
)ﺑـ""Dﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺴﺞ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟ
)ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ(
ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ:
ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺎﺭﻑ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ١٠٦٠٢١٠٠٠٨٤٧ :
ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ
ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻧﻴﺔ
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗــﺎ
٢٠١١ﻡ ١٤٣٢/ﻫــــ
ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﺣﻜــﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ
)ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ(
ﲝﺚ
ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ
ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ )(S.S.
ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ:
ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺎﺭﻑ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ١٠٦٠٢١٠٠٠٨٤٧ :
ﲢﺖ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻑ
)ﳏﻤﺪ ﻭﻟﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﻴﺘﲑ(
ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ
ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻧﻴﺔ
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗــﺎ
٢٠١١ﻡ ١٤٣٢/ﻫــــ
ﺃ
ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ
ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺻﺮﺣﺖ ﺑﺄﻥ:
.١
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻛﺘﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻟﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ
ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ -ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
.٢
ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺿﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ
ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ -ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
.٣
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺤﺎﻝ ﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ
ﻓﺄﺳﺘﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﺘﻠﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺮﺭﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ
ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ -ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ٢٤ ،ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﲑ ٢٠١١ﻡ
ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺎﺭﻑ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ
ﺏ
ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﲤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﻪ " :ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﺣﻜــﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ )ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ
ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ( " ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ
ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ – ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ،ﰲ ١٢ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ٢٠١١ﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ٢٨
ﳏﺮﻡ ١٤٣٣ﻩ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻪ ﺷﺮﻃﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ )(S.S
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ٢٤ ،ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﲑ ٢٠١١ﻡ
٢٨ﺫﻭ ﺍﳊﺠﺔ ١٤٣٢ﻩ
ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ
ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺘﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻭﻋﻀﻮ
ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻭﻋﻀﻮ
ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻧﺪﺱ ﺃﺩﺍﻧﺞ ﺃﺳﺪﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ
ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻧﺪﺓ ﺟﻬﻴﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﻧﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ١٩٥٩٠٥١٠١٩٩١٠٣١٠٠١:
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ١٩٧٥٠٦٣٠٢٠٠٣١٢ :
ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ
ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺶ
ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻑ
ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺯﺑﲑ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ
ﳏﻤﺪ ﻭﻟﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ
ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ١٩٧٣١٢٣١١٩٩٩٠٣١٠٢:
ﺝ
ﲡﺮﻳﺪ
ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺎﺭﻑ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ " :ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﺣﻜــﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ' :ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ
ﺑﺮﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ'"
ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﺣﱴ
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺎ ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ .ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﺘﻤﻊ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻻ
ﻳﻬﺘ ﻢ ﲟﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺒﻪ .ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ
ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳍﻢ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ.
ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺳﻴﺤﻠﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ )ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﻡ( ﺍﳌﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺗﻮﺏ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ .ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ
ﻳﻮﺗﻴﻮﺏ .ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ:
.١ﻭﺻﻒ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ ﰲ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ
.٢ﻭﺻﻒ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰱ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ.
ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﳛﻠﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﺀ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ :ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰱ
ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ،ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰱ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ.
ﺩ
ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ
ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ
ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ :ﺭﺏ ﺃﻭﺯﻋﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺷﻜﺮ ﻧﻌﻤﺘﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻧﻌﻤﺖ
ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻱ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﻞ ﺻﺎﳊﺎ ﺗﺮﺿـﺎﻩ ﻭﺃﺩﺧﻠـﲏ ﺑﺮﲪﺘـﻚ ﰲ ﻋﺒـﺎﺩﻙ
ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﲔ .ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻢ ﺻﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺷﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﲔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻪ ﻭﺻﺤﺒﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺗـﺒﻌﻬﻢ
ﺑﺈﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ.
ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ "ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳊـﻮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴـﺪﻳﻮ ﻣــﻦ
ﺃﺣﻜــﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ':ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ" ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻟﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﺷﺮﻁ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﰲ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ
ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
ﻭﰲ ﺇﲤﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﱄ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺃﺟﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛـﻞ
ﻣﻦ ﻟﻪ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﻭﺇﲤﺎﻡ ﲝﺜﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ،ﻭﺃﺧﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ:
ﻩ
(١
ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﻤﻴﺪ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﻭﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻗﺴﻢ
ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺩﺎ ﻭﺳﻜﺮﺗﲑﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺑ ﹼﺬﻟﻮﺍ ﺟﻬﺪﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺬﻳﱯ ﻭﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ
ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﱴ ﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ
ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
(٢
ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻭﻟﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﻴﺘﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﻀﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻹﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ.
(٣
ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻧﺪﻭﺱ ﺃﺩﺍﻧﺞ
ﺃﺳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﻭﻛﺎﺗﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﺟﻬﻴﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺍﻓﻘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﰱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ.
(٤
ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺗﻴﺬ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﺗﻴﺬﺓ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺩﺑﻮﺍ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻭﺭﺑﻮﻫﺎ ﺗﺄﺩﻳﺒﺎ ﺣﺴﻨﺎ ﻭﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﺣﱴ ﺃﻋﺮﻑ ﻭﺃﻓﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ
ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ.
(٥
ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺷﻜﺮﻯ ﻭﻓﺎﺋﻖ ﺇﺣﺘﺮﺍﻣﻲ ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻯ ﻷﰊ
ﺍﶈﺒﻮﺏ ﺳﺎﺗﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻭﺃﻣﻲ ﺍﶈﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻮﻧﺴﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﺭﺑﻴﺎﱐ ﺃﻗﻮﻡ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ
ﻭ
ﻭﺃﺩﺑﺎﱐ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﺗﺄﺩﰊ ﻭﺃﻧﻔﻘﺎ ﻋﻠ ﻲ ﺑﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﳌﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ .ﻋﺴﻰ ﺍﷲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻬﺪﻳﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻛﺔ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺣﻴﺎﻤﺎ.
(٦
ﺍﻷﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻣﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ،ﻗﺪ ﻧﺼﺮﻭﱐ ﻭﺳﺎﻋﺪﻭﱐ
ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ ﻹﲤﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ.
ﻭﺍﷲ ﻋﺰ ﻭﺟﻞ ﺃﺳﺄﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﻓﻘﻬﻢ ﻭﳚﺰﻳﻬﻢ ﺑﺄﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺮﺓ.
ﻭﻋﺴﻰ ﺍﷲ ﺃﻥ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻋﻤﻼ ﻧﺎﻓﻌﺎ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻻ .ﺁﻣﲔ .ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍ ،ﻓﺄﻧﺎ
ﺃﻋﺘﺮﻑ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺇﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺴﺮﱐ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ
ﻭﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻋﺰﺍﺀ.
ﺖ ﻭﻣـﺎﺗ ﻮﻓـﻴﻘﻲ ﺇﹺ ﱠﻻ ﺑﹺﺎﷲِ ﻋﻠﹶـﻴﻪ
ﺇﹺ ﹾﻥ ﹸﺃﺭﹺﻳـ ﺪ ﺇﹺ ﱠﻻ ﹾﺍﻹِﺻـﻼﹶﺡ ﻣﺎﺍﺳـﺘﻄﹶ ﻌ
ﺐ) .ﻫﻮﺩ.(٨٨ :
ﺖ ﻭﺇﹺﻟﹶـﻴﻪ ﹸﺃﻧﹺﻴ
ﺗﻮﻛﱠـ ﹾﻠ
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ٢٤ ،ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﲑ ٢٠١١ﻡ
ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺎﺭﻑ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ
ﺯ
ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻑ ................................................ﺃ
ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ................................................ﺏ
ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ...........................ﺝ
ﲡﺮﻳﺪ .........................................................ﺩ
ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ............................................ﻩ
ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ..............................................ﻭ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ
ﺃ.
ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ١ .........................................
ﺏ .ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ٥ ..........................................
ﺝ .ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ٦ ......................................
ﺡ
ﺩ.
ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ٧ ......................................
ﻩ.
ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ٧ ......................................
ﻭ.
ﺧﻄﹼﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ٨ .............................................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ
ﶈﺔ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
ﺃ.
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
١٠ ................................
ﺏ .ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ١٥ ...............................
ﺝ .ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ١٨ ....................................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﻏﻤﺘﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﻏﻤﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ
ﺃ.
ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻄﻲ ١٩ ..........................................
ﺏ .ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻏﻤﺘﻴﺔ ٢١ ...............................................
ﻁ
ﺝ .ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ٢٥ ............................
ﺩ.
ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ٢٧ ........................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ
ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺪﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ
ﺃ.
ﺍﻟﻔﺪﻳﻮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ٢٩ ............................................
ﺏ .ﺍﻟﻔﺪﻳﻮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ٣٤ .............................................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ
ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ
ﺃ.
ﺍﳋﻼﺻﺔ ٤١ ................................................
ﺏ .ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ٤٢ .............................................
ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ٤٤ ...............................................
ﻱ
ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻘﺎﺕ
ﺃ( ﳏﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ٤٧ ........................................
ﺏ( ﳏﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ٤٧ .....................................
ﺕ( ﳏﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ٤٨ ....................................
ﻙ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ
ﺃ-
ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ
ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ ،ﺃﻥ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺁﻟﺔ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ .ﻭﻟﻜﻦ
ﲞﻼﻑ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻏﻮﺭﻳﺲ ﻛﺮﺍﻑ ) ،(Gorys Kerafﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻗﺎﻝ "ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ
ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ .ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻳﻮﺻﻒ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ
ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ".
١
ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻗﺎﻝ ﻛﺮﺍﻑ " : Kerafﺇﻥ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ .ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻷﺎ ﺗﻌﱪ ﺑﺼﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﰱ ﺫﻫﻨﻨﺎ .ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ
. Gorys Keraf, Komposisi Sebuah Pengantar Kemahiran Bahasa, (Jakarta: Nusa Indah, ١٩٩٣),
١
h. ٣
١
٢
ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﰱ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺣﱴ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ
ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺙ .ﻭﰱ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ،ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ
ﺷﺨﺺ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻜﺤﺤﺤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﺒﻘﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﻨﺔ .ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ
ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ".
٢
ﺇﺧﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺮﻭﻥ Brownﻭ ﻳﻮﱃ ، Yuleﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻘﻠﺖ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﻳﺪﻳﺎ ﺃﺳﺘﻮﰐ ﰱ
ﺃﻃﺮﻭﺣﺘﻬﺎ ،ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﺘﻌﺘﱪ ﺑﺄﻥ ﳍﺎ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻓﺘﻌﺘﱪ ﺑﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ
ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ.
٣
ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻠﺖ
ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ .ﻭﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ
ﺍﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ ﰲ ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﺮﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ.
٢
. Ibid. hal. ٣-٧
.Susana Widyastuti, Analisis Percakapan Dalam ”Apa Kabar Indonesia”, (Tesis S٢ Linguistik,
Universitas -Gajah Mada, ٢٠٠٨). h. ١
٣
٣
ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ.ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻳﺆﻳﺪﻫﺎ
Alwasilahﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ " ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ "
”Communication is a proses by wich information is
exchanged between individual trough a common system of
”symbols, sings, or behavior
)ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ
ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ(.
٤
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻧﺘﺄﻣﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﲝﺚ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﻭﺗﻔﺘﻴﺸﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ.
ﻷﻥ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ
)in use
(Languageﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ
ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ.
ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭ ) (Conversation Analysisﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ )ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻔﻈﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﻏﲑ ﻟﻔﻈﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﺮﻱ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ(.
٤
.Unpad, Konsep Percakapan, Diakses ٢٤ November ٢٠٠٩, (http://pustaka.unpad.ac.id/wp
content/uploads/-٢٠٠٩/٠٧/konsep_percakapan.pdf).
٤
ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻴﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ
ﺍﳌﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ،ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ )ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻛﻢ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ( ﺃﻭ ﰲ
ﳏﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻋﺎﺭﺿﺔ.
٥
ﻭﻧﺸﺄ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﰲ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ
ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﲔ )ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻣﺜﻞ Sacks, Schegloff,ﻭ (Jeffersonﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ
ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻬﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺣﻴﻨﺌﺬ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲢﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﺍ ﺑﻌﺪ
ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺳﺲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺬﻫﺐ .Noam Chomsy
٦
ﻭﺫﻫﺐ ﺳﻨﺘﻮﻧﻮ ) (Santonoﺇﱃ ﺃ ﹼﻥ ﻫﺪﻑ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻷﺟﻞ ﻓﻬﻢ
ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻧﺎﺱ .ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎ ،ﺣﺎﻭﻝ
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ.
٧
٥
.Wikipedia,
Conversation
Analysis,
Diakses
٢٩
Novevember
٢٠٠٩,
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/conversation-_analysis).
٦
. Susi Yuliawati, ”Konsep Percakapan dalam Analisis Wacana,” (Makalah Fakultas Sastra,
Universitas Padjajaran, ٢٠٠٨), h. ٢١.
٧
.
Budi
Santoso,
Etnometodologi,
Diakses
٢٤
November
٢٠٠٩,
(http://budisantoso.blog.ugm.ac.id/٥٠/).
٥
ﻭﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ،ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃ ﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻻ
ﻳﺴﺘﺒﺪﻝ ﻣﻼﻣﺢ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻭﻫﻴﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ ﳛﻜﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ٨.ﻭﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻪ
ﺁﺧﺮ ﳌﺴﻠﻚ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻫﻮ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻲ ﻟﻸﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﻟﺪﺕ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺎﺕ ﰲ
ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ).(talk-in-interaction
٩
ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ "ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ" ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺄﺧﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻮﺗﻮﺏ ﻻﺋﻘﺎ
ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ،ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ )ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺏ ﻭﺃﻡ
ﻭﺇﺑﻨﲔ( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ.
ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺇﱃ ﲝﺚ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻫﻮ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻔﺤﺺ ﻋﻦ
ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭ ﰱ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ،ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲣﺘﱪ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ.
ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﳛﺮﺹ ﰲ ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ؟ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ﺃﻧﲏ ﺃﺭﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﲝﺜﻪ ﲝﺜﺎ
ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺎ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺃﻧﲏ ﺃﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﻫﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻔﺤﺼﻪ ﻭﲝﺜﻪ.
ﺏ -ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ
٨
. Deborah Schiffrin, Ancangan Kajian Wacana, (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, ٢٠٠٧), h. ٣٣٦.
. Susana Widyastuti, Analisis Percakapan Dalam ”Apa Kabar Indonesia”, (Tesis S٢ Linguistik,
Universitas Gajah Mada, ٢٠٠٨). h. ١.
٩
٦
ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺑﺎﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﲢﺖ
ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ " ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﰲ ﳏﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ " )ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ(،
ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻭﺃﳕﺎﻃﻬﺎ .ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ،
ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻫﻲ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻭﺃﳕﺎﻃﻬﺎ.
ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ،ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ـ ﻭﺃﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﱪ ﻳﻮﺗﻴﻮﺏ.ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻔﺖ
ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ،ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻓﻼﻡ ﻭﺃﻏﺎﱐ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔـ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺗﻮﻥ ﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ،
ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ.
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﳊﺞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﰲ ﲝﺚ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ،ﺃﺳﺘﻨﺒﻂ ﺃﻱ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺳﺄﺟﻬﺮ ﻫﻨﺎ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ:
.١ﻛﻴﻒ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﰱ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ "ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ"؟
.٢ﻫﻞ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ "ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ" ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ؟
٧
ﺝ -ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﳊﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ "ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ" ،ﻭﻳﺪﻭﺭﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺌﲔ ﻭﳘﺎ :
.١
ﻭﺻﻒ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﰱ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ.
.٢
ﻭﺻﻒ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰱ ﻓﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ.
ﺩ -ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻭﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﳏﻘﻖ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ
ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ.ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎﻩ
ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ،ﻓﺄﻧﺎ ﺃﺭﺟﻮ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﰲ
ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎﻩ
ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻣﺎ ﻓﻜﺮﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻄﻼﺏ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻌﻤﻘﲔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ.
٨
ﻩ -ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ
) ،(descriptive-qualitative methodﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲢﺎﻭﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﳓﻮ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ ،ﺃﻭ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ .ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ
ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒ ،ﻓﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰒ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ؛ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ
ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ ،ﻷﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻮﺻﻒ ﺇﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﰱ
ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ .ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﰱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﺘﻔﺴﺮ
ﰱ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ )ﻻ ﰱ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﺪﺩﻳﺔ(.
ﻭﺍﻣﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺍﺻﺪﺭﺗﻪ
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻻﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ:
)Pedoman Penulisan Karya Ilmiah (Skripsi, Tesis, dan Disertasi
yang diterbitkan oleh Universitas Islam Syarif Negri Hidayatullah
Jakarta.
Pedoman Penulisan Skripsi Bahasa dan Sastra Arab, yang
diterbitkan oleh Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah
Jakarta, ٢٠٠٧ M.
٩
ﻭ -ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﳛﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲝﺜﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺎ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎ ﻭﺳﻬﻼ .ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺇﱃ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺃﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﻭﻫﻲ :
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ :ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﹼﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ
ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻬﺎ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ .ﻭﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ
ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻭﺧﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ :ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﶈﺔ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ ،ﻭ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ،ﻭ
ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ :ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﻳﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ
١٠
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ :ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﰒ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ
ﶈﺔ ﻋﻦ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
-١ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺣﺪﻱ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻫﻮ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
)Analysis
(Discourseﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
discourse
ﺃﺻﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ
ﻭﻫﻮ discursusﻭﻫﻮ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺙ )ﻭﻟﻮ ﺑﻼ ﻏﺮﺽ(.
١٠
ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺭﺟﻌﻨﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ،ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ discourseﻫﻮ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ
ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺤﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺔ .ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
discourse
ﺃﺩﺭﻙ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ
ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ )ﻣﺜﻼ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ(.
١٠
Herudjati Purwoko, Discourse Analysis: Kajian Wacana bagi Semua Orang. Jakarta: PT
Indeks. ٢٠٠٨), hal. ١
١١
١٢
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺭﺟﻌﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ،ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺐ ١١،ﻳﻘـﺎﻝ ﺧﺎﻃـﺐ
ﺧﻄﺎﺑﺎﹰ ،ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ :ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻌﺎﻻﹰ ﲞﻼﻑ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺔ ﻓﺎﻻﺻﻞ :ﺧﻄﺐ :ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻓﻬـﻲ
ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺐ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ؛ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ :ﺧﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺧﻄﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ
ﺧﻄﺎﺑﻪ ﻭﺧﻄﺒﻪ :ﺃﻟﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺧﻄﺒﻪ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻘﻴﻪ ﺍﳋﻄﻴـﺐ ]ﺍﳌﺮﺳـﻞ[ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ ]ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﻠﻘﻲ[ .
ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﻛﻼﻡ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ
ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭ ﻭﻻ ﺧﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻻ ﺑﺈﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺗﻀﻤﲔ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﳌﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ
ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻹﻓﻬﺎﻡ ﺃﻭﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻻﻓﻬﺎﻡ.
١٢
١١ﺃﺗﺎﺑﻚ ﻋﻠﻲ .ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺱ "ﻛﺮﺍﺑﻴﺎﻙ" ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮﻱ ﻏﺮﰊ-ﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﺴﻲ .ﻳﻮﻛﻴﺎ ﻛﺮﺗﺎ :ﻣﻮﻟﱵ ﻛﺮﻳﺎ ﻛﺮﺍﻓﻴﻜﺎ .ﺹ.
٨٤٣
١٢ﲢﻠﻴﻞ
ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ،
ﻣﺎﺩﺓ
ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ
ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ
ﰲ
٢٨
ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ
،٢٠١٠
http://forum.moe.gov.om/~moeoman/vb/showthread.php?t=٢٣٧٢٥٩
ﻣﻦ
١٣
ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﺇﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﹰ :ﻫﻮ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ )ﻛﻼﻡ( ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺳـﻞ ﺍﱃ )ﻣﺘﻠﻘـﻲ(
ﺪﻑ ﺍﻻﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ؛ ﺍﻭ ﺣﻮﺍﺭﺍﹰ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺎﹰ ﲟﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﺼـﺎﻝ
)ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻠﻘﻲ( ﻣﺸﺎﻓﻬﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻟﻴﺔ.
ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﻫﻮ ﺯﻳﻠﻴﻚ ﺣﺎﺭﺙ )
١٣
Zellig
(Harrisﺳﻨﺔ ١٩٥٢ﻡ ،ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ .ﻓﺄﻭﻝ
ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﻫﻮ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ.
ﻗﺎﻝ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﺎﻭﺍﰐ ) ،(Yuliawatiﻧﺸﺄ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﻛﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴﻞ
ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ،ﻷﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ
ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ .ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ.
ﻗﺎﻝ ﺳﺘﻮﺑﺲ ):(Stubbs
“Attempts to study the organization of language above the
sentence or the clause, and therefore to study larger
١٣ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ.
١٤
linguistic units, such as conversational exchanges or
written texts. It follows that discourse analysis is also
concerned with language in use in social contexts, and in
between
dialogue
or
interaction
particular
with
speakers”.١٤
)=ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ
ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ،ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﻴﺔ.
ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ
ﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ،ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﲔ
ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺛﲔ(.
ﻣﺰﻳﺪﺍ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﻳﻮﻟﻴﺎﻭﺍﰐ ) ،(Yuliawatiﺃﻥ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ
ﳛﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻱ ﻟﻐﺔ .ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻱ ،ﺃﻥ
ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﳛﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﳎﺮﺩ ﻭﺻﻔﻪ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ
ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ
ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺲ ﰲ ﺑﻼﻍ ﺃﻳﺎﻣﻬﻢ .ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻠﺨﺺ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
Deborah Schiffrin, Discourse Marker. Great Britain. (Cambridge University Press. ١٩٩٢), h.
١٤
١.
١٥
ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻛﺬﺍﻟﻚ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ
ﻣﻌﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺟﺪﺓ ﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻬﺎ.
ﰒ ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ .ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ ﴰﺖ
) (Schmittﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﺘﻤﻊ،
ﻣﺜﻼ ،ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ .ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻬﻢ
ﰲ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴﺔ .ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳛﻠﻞ
ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻏﲑﳘﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ .ﻓﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ
ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺘﻤﻊ.
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ،ﻓﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﻗﺴﻤﺎﻥ؛ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺧﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ
ﻭﺧﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ١٥.ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻚ ﺟﺎﺭﻫﱵ ) ،(McCarhtyﺃﻥ
ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻠﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﻗﻬﺎ ،ﺇﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺷﻔﻮﻱ
ﻭﺇﻣﺎ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻴﺔ.
١٥
Susi Yuliawati. Konsep Percakapan dalam Analisis Wacana. (Makalah Fakultas Sastra,
Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, ٢٠٠٣). H. ٢.
١٦
ﻭﻗﺪ ﺇﺗﻀﺢ ﳑﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺁﻧﻔﺎ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﻟﻪ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ .ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﰱ
ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ،ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﰱ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ،ﻫﻲ:
.١
.٢
.٣
.٤
ﻧﺺ )ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﻴﺔ/ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ( ﻣﻨﻪ ﰱ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﱪ ،ﺍﳌﻼﻣﺢ،
ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ،ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ.
ﻛﻼﻡ )ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻟﻴﺔ( ﻣﻨﻪ ﰱ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﻠﺔ،
ﳏﺎﺩﺛﺔ ،ﺧﻄﺎﺑﺔ ،ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ.
ﻓﻌﻞ )ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ( ﻣﻨﻪ ﰱ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﻣﺎ/ﺍﳌﺴﺮﺣﻴﺔ،
ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺺ ،ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻤﺎﺋﻲ ،ﺍﳌﻮﻛﺐ ،ﺍﳌﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ،ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ.
ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺃﺛﺮﻳﺔ )ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﺔ( ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱏ ،ﺍﳌﺸﻬﺪ،
ﺍﻷﺯﻳﺎﺀ ،ﺍﳊﻄﺎﻡ ،ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ.
-٢ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
ﺗﺜﻮﺗﻴﻨﻚ ) (Cuttingﰲ ﲝﺚ ﻟﻴﻴﺎ ﻟﺴﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
ﺇﱃ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ :ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ) ،(turn talking organizationﻭ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ )
.(organization
sequrce
١٦
١٦
Liya Lestari Muldiana. Analisis Percakapan dalam Film The Kingdom Satuan Kajian Pragmatis.
(Skripsi S١ Fakultas Bahasa, Universitas Widyatama, ٢٠٠٨). h. ١٨.
١٧
(Turn Talking Organization) ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ.١
١٧
“A conversation, by definition, always has ،
ﻗﺎﻝ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺭﻳﺲ
at least two participants, the conversation, who alternately
ﻔﻲ" ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃ ﹾﻥ ﻧﻔﻬﻢ ﺃﻧ.assume the role of speaker and listener
ﺇﻣﺎ: ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺃﻳﻦ.ﺃﻱ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﺳﻮﻑ ﳒﺪ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ
١٨
.ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻭﺇﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ
ﰒ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻧﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻣﺒﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﻓﺴﻮﻑ ﳓﺘﺎﺝ
: ﻭﻫﻮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ،"translition-relevance place" ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ
١. At the first translition-relevance, the current speaker may hand
the floor to another speaker indicated by him; this next speaker
is obliged to take his turn
٢. If the current may at the same point take his turn, but he is not
obliged to do so.
١٨ . ﺹ،ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ١٧
١٨
١٨
٣. If no next speaker takes the turn at this pont, the first speaker
may continues his turn, but he is not obliged to do so.
ﻧﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ:
(١
ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ
place
،translition-relevanceﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺗﺐ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ
ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ؛ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ :ﺃﻭﻻ ،ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ
ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﻟﻴﻘﺪﻡ ﺭﺩﻫﺎ ،ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺩ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ.
(٢
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻓﺮﺻﺘﻪ،
ﻓﻴﺠﻮﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﺮﺻﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻻ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ.
(٣
ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﺮﺻﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ،ﻓﻴﺠﻮﺯ
ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ،ﺑﻞ ﻻ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ.
.٢ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ )(Sequrce Organization
ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ،
ﻭﻫﻲ"“these can be pr-
sequence, insertion sequence, and opening and closing
١٩
،"sequenceﻳﻌﲏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ
and openingandclosing sequence
pre-sequence, insertion
.sequence,
Pre-sequenceﻫﻲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﰲ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ) ،(per-invitationﻭﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ،ﻭﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ.
-٣ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻋﻨﺘﻄﻮﺭﲢﻠﻴﻼﳋﻄﺎﺏ
)analysis
(discourseﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻷﻣﺮ
ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ .ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺎﻝ ،ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﺇﺫﺍﺃﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺃﻧﻨﻔﻬﻤﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ
).(theories of discourse
ﺟﻴﻤﺴﺐ.ﺟﻲ
)P. Gee
(Jamesﳝﻴﺰ ”“discourseﺇﱃ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ :ﺃﻭﻻ،
")"discourseﺑـ""dﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ( ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﰲ
ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ )” . (“on siteﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻭﻫﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ
ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺎﺕ .ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ،
Discourse
)ﺑـ""Dﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺴﺞ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟ