Participial Nominal with Genitive Adjectival Nominal Attributive Nominal

2.5.12 Future Participial Nominal

40 The letter which John will write. John a|: rnfh pm John re: many. ca John write NomIrRlRel letter This is a simple irrealis relative clause, a very common type of nominalization in Burmese.

2.5.13 Participial Nominal with Genitive

41 John wrote the first page of the letter. a|: xm: aom pm re: hta: sau: ca write put Atr letter

2.5.14 Adjectival Nominal

42 The letter on the table… pm: yJG ay; |Sd pm ca: pwai: pau: hri. ca eat gather upon be letter table This construction is reduced without the postpositional markers and is semantically blended into a whole concept in contrast to 43: 43 The letter which is on the table… pm: yJG ay; rS |Sd wJh pm ca: pwai: pau: hma. hri. tai. ca eat gather upon Loc be NomRel letter table This is a predicative relative clause rather than a property of the head nominal, a proposition versus the attributive clause. The difference between the attributive and proposition semantically, although they have the same contents, is profiling.

2.5.15 Attributive Nominal

44 The man with the letter…. pm udkif xm: onfh vl ca kuing hta: sany. lu [[[[ letter grasp ] put ] NomRel ] person ] To make the construction more highly active or more transitive another verb like xm: hta: ‘put’ 44 is used to indicate the manner of the action ‘grasping the letter’. The construction in 45 emphasizes the action of the man, while that in 46 shows the relationship of the man to the letter as not one of action but of accompaniment, yet with the whole construction as a nominal that could be translated into English as ‘letter man’ in the sense that he is the one who has the letter, or the reading where he is characterized as the person with the letter. His identity is of having a letter. 45 The man with the letter…. a letter man. pm eSifh vl ca hnang. lu [[ letter Acc ] person ] 46 The man with the letter… a man who had a letter. pm |Sd wJh vl ca re: tai. lu [[[ letter be ] NomRel ] person ] 2.5.16 Adjective Nominal 47 The long letter…. pm |Snf ca hrany letter long 48 The letter which is long…. |Snf onfh pm hrany sany. ca long NomRel letter 2.5.17 Abstractive Nominal 49 The length of the letter… pm |Jh t|Snf ca rai. a-hrany letter Pos Nom-long 2.5.18 Genitive Nominal 50 John’s letter… John pm jon e. ca [[John Pos] letter] 51 John’s letter… John |Jh pm jon rai. ca [[John Pos] letter] 2.5.19 Attributive Nominal 52 The written letter… a|: xm: aom pm re: hta: sau ca [[[write put] AtrNom] letter]

2.5.20 Action Noun