32
Declarative Sentences
Yok berdiri yok, berdiri. Stand up please.
... seger.. fresh..
Extract 29 – Appendix 2
Mandi membuat badan menjadi segar.
Take a bath makes our body fresh
Question
Opo nok?
Apa sayang? – What’s wrong
dear? Extract 30
– Appendix 2 Apa yang kamu maksud sayang?
What do you mean dear?
Mau?
want? Extract 31
– Appendix 2 Adek mau minum susu sapi?
Do you want to drink cow milk?
Single Words used as
Sentences
Salim.. berjabat tangan.
– shake hand Extract 32
– Appendix 2 Adek bersalaman dengan tamu
Shake your hand with him the guest please
Yo. Pulang. Yes. Go home.
Extract 33 – Appendix 2
Ayo kita pulang. Let us go home.
Based on those examples above, the studies by Clark Clark 1977, Clark 2003 and Phillips 1973 is line with the observation results. It
demonstrates that adults tend to use very short grammatically sentences when talking to young children and it is syntactically less complex
.
4.1.6 Repetition
This characteristic is also so often appeared in the subject speech as a part of her CDS. She repeats the words or clauses as the main information
several times to her daughter. The first is repeating a predicate as the main idea of a sentence to emphasize what the mother‘s meant or want to do. The
repetition is showed by the bold text font in each sample and in a shorter conversation.
33
Extract 34. Repetition Observation : 5
th
Topic : Noon Activity
M : Duduk, duduk. Matane ndak sakit. Duduk, matanya nanti sakit.
– Sit down here, your eyes can be irritated C : Duk nene.
duduk di sini. – sit down here.
... M : Sama nyanyi, adek nyanyi, nyanyi.
With singing, You are singing. C : [ memperhatikan televisi
– pay attention to the television ] Extract 35. Repetition
Observation : 10
th
Topic : Noon Activity
[ ada tamu – there is a guest ]
C : [ melihat tamu – staring at the guest ]
M : Salim sek, salim nok, salim nok. Salim nok. Salim, salim, salim sama Budhe, salim, salim. Salim sama Budhe ya.
berjabatan tangan dulu…. Shake hand please
C : [ memakai helm – wearing the helmet ]
The second examples of repetition happened when she repeats the clause a subject and a predicate. Below are the examples of this kind of
repetition.
Extract 36. Repetition Observation : 6
th
Topic : Noon Activity
M : Pinjem, nak ketekak, ketekak, ketekak, ketekak, ih [ menarik kain ] pinjam, nanti terlilit
– I want to borrow it. It may choke you. C : Emoh. [ merengek
– whimper ] wa etok, nde nini, Mak‘e, ndek nini Jangan.... Tidak boleh, Itu punya Ninis,Mak .
. Don’t ... It is mine Mom M : Minta dulu, minta dulu, minta dulu. Mamak minta.
asking permission first, say to me: Mom, I want it. C : [ tetap merengek
– still whimper ].
M : Mak Is dioyak, Mak Is dioyak, Mak Is dioyak, Mak e dioyak.
Mak Is kejar… - chase mom … Extract 37. Repetition
Observation : 10
th
Topic : After Take a Bath
[ Mbah Bin is sitting near the mother ] C : Dodog.
duduk – sit down.
M : Mbah Bin nggogok. Mbah Bin ki nggogok ki lo, nggogok. Mbah Bin ki nggogok
. Mbah Bin nggogok.
Mbah Bin duduk, … - Mbah Bin is sitting C : ...
34 These are very interesting because occurred in a moment of speaking and she
repeated more than three times. The last attractive repetition is repeating the words or phrases in a longer
conversation. The word ‗kotor‘ and ‗itu lo‘ in the two conversations below is repeated many times. The mother seems try to
emphasize the main information by repeating the words because her child did not yet catch what she meant.
Extract 38. Repetition Observation : 1
st
Topic : Cooking
M :
Kotor, kotor, ndak boleh, ndak boleh to Nis. Kotor to yo.
Dirty, dirty, forbidden, forbidden to you. It is dirty C :
Itu kotol?
Itu Kotor? – is that dirty?
M :
Ho o, kotor. Kotor semua, ndak boleh.
ho o, dirty. Everything is dirty. Don’t do that C :
Iti?
ini? – this one?
M :
Kotor.
dirty C :
Iti ma?
Ini?- this one?
M : Kotor, dicuci dulu.
Dirty, wash it first. Extract 39. Repetition
Observation : 7
th
Topic : Noon Activity
M :
Itu lho , aire itu lho nok? menunjuk ember
That is the water dear – pointing the water pot
C :
He?
He? M :
Itu lho ..
That is.. C :
Endi? Endi ayine? Endi?
Mana? Mana airnya? Mana? – where? where is the water? Where?
M :
Itu to depanmu. Itu lho, tempat itu lho.
That is in front of you. That is the one C :
He?
M : Ini lo. Itu to tempat aqua. Botol.
this one. that is the aqua botol
35 The five of six examples of repetition showed above display that repetition is
appeared more intensive as a part of CDS, especially in asking the children to do things as claim by Clark 2003. In addition, the writer assumes that
repetition is emerged to remind and emphasize the main idea of the utterance. Thus, the child will catch it easier because spoken in many times.
4.2. Other Findings of Characteristics
Besides the six characteristics that have discussed above, there are also several context-
bound CDS‘ characteristics finding there.
4.2.1 Sentence Structure Change
A simple grammatical structure of a sentence always comes with the subject first and then followed by the predicate. The subject changed that ideal
grammatical structure by saying the predicate first before the subject. Here is the example.
Extract 40. Changing Grammatically Structure Observation : 10
th
Topic : Washing Plate
C : No Mak Is tiyik, adi tabun. Ini Mak Is dulu, dikasih sabun
– Mak Is is washing the plate with soap first
M : ... memberikan sabun Yo pake ini Mamak kok.
ya memakai ini Ibu kok – Mom is using this.
The predicate ‗pake‘ should come after subject ‗Mamak‘ to be a good grammatically sentence. Thus, the ideal sentence is Mamak pake ini.
