European safety requirements Press safety and certification .1 Accident prevention

3.6.2 Legislation

Alo n gsid e legislat io n an d regu lat io n s d efin in g req u irem en t s im p o sed o n t ech n ical p ro d u ct s – su ch as t h e Germ an Pressu re Vessel an d Ap p li- an ce Safet y Act s – legislat io n h as also been ad o p t ed wh ich regu lat es cas- es o f h u m an in ju ry cau sed by t ech n ical eq u ip m en t . If t h e m ach in e m an u fact u rer ad h eres t o t h e t ech n o lo gical st an d ard s d efin ed by t h e so - called ch aract erist ic req u irem en t s, it m ay be assu m ed t h at h e will be exem p t fro m liabilit y. An accid en t t akin g p lace d esp it e t h ese p recau - t io n s is d efin ed as a “st at u t o ry accid en t ”, in wh ich case t h e co m p an ies p ro vid in g in d u st rial accid en t in su ran ce are resp o n sible fo r set t lin g an y fin an cial claim s arisin g as a resu lt o f t h e d am age. In Eu ro p e, t h ese ch aract erist ic req u irem en t s are d efin ed by t h e EC Mach in e Direct ive, t h e EMC elect ro m agn et ic co m p at ibilit y Direct ive an d t h e Direct ive Go vern in g Sim p le Pressu re Vessels. Pro d u ct liabilit y is also t reat ed o n a st an d ard ized basis in Eu ro p e t h ro u gh t h e EC Direct ive fo r Harm o n izat io n o f Pro d u ct Liabilit y Legislat io n . In t h e case o f p art icu larly d an gero u s m ach in es, st at e agen cies o r in st it u t io n s act in g o n beh alf o f st at e agen cies are co m m issio n ed t o ch eck an d cert ify eq u ip m en t p ro vid ed t h e t ech n ical req u irem en t s o f t h e eq u ip m en t h ave been co rrect ly im p lem en t ed . Fo reign t rad e in t ech - n ical p ro d u ct s is o bst ru ct ed t o a co n sid erable d egree by d ifferen ces o f o p in io n o n t h e best ways t o ach ieve safet y an d o n t h e t arget ed st an - d ard s o f safet y in t h e in d ivid u al co u n t ries. Mach in e m an u fact u rers o p erat in g o n a glo bal basis n eed t o st u d y t h e n u m ero u s d ifferen t safet y req u irem en t s an d st an d ard s in fo rce in each d ifferen t exp o rt m arket . Th u s, t h ey m u st beco m e fam iliar wit h t h e d ifferen t safet y p h ilo so p h ies, an d m u st u se lo cally ap p ro ved co m p o n en t s.

3.6.3 European safety requirements

Sin ce Jan u ary 1, 1995, n ew safet y regu lat io n s h ave been in effect in t h e EEC Eu ro p ean Eco n o m ic Co m m u n it y wh ich are briefly o u t lin ed belo w Fig. 3.6.1 . EC legislat io n is based o n a syst em o f d ecrees an d d irect ives. EC d ecrees ap p ly d irect ly in t h e resp ect ive m em ber st at e, wh ile d irect ives are t aken u p by t h e n at io n al go vern m en t s, wh ich h ave t o co n vert t h em wit h in a reaso n able p erio d in t o n at io n al law wit h o r 107 Press safety and certification Metal Forming Handbook Schuler c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998 108 Fundamentals of press design Fig. 3.6.1 Chart show ing European safety legislation: EC M achine Directives 89392EEC ECM D CE M ark EC law governing technology: Objectives: – Harmonization of safety standards in Europe – No compromises on safety in a member state – Free trade in machinery EC regulations EC directives 89392EEC M achine Directive 87404EEC Simple Pressure Vessels 89655EEC Operating Resources Immediate validity National legislation Appliance Safety Act 9. GSGV Product Liability Act Standards Harmonized standards Non-harmonized standards Standardization order from the Other EN standards commission, publication in the Official National standards Journal of the EC National lists of useful and important standards for implementation of the 89392EEC Type A standard General principles EN292 General principles for design Type B standard horizontal standard Definition of safety devices, stipulations of general relevance w ith different machines EN294 Safety distances to prevent EN574 Tw o-hand operated devices EN953 Insulating safety devices Type C standard vertical standard Stipulations relating to a particular machine category EN692 M echanical presses EN693 Hydraulic presses Metal Forming Handbook Schuler c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998 wit h o u t t h eir o wn ad d it io n s. A series o f d irect ives was issu ed relat in g t o t h e ch aract erist ic req u irem en t s o f t ech n ical p ro d u ct s. Fo r m ach in e t o o l m an u fact u re, t h e d irect ives list ed in Table 3.6.1 t o get h er wit h t h e en d o f t h e t ran sit io n al p erio d are o f p art icu lar im p o rt an ce. Th e EC Mach in e Direct ive ECMD 89 392 EEC est ablish es t h e m ajo r h ealt h an d safet y req u irem en t s im p o sed o n m ach in es. Th u s it is t h e m o st im p o rt an t d irect ive fo r t h e m ach in e m an u fact u rer an d was co n - vert ed in t o n at io n al Germ an law by t h e 9 t h d ecree relat in g t o t h e Ap p li- an ce Safet y Act . Th e p ro d u ct liabilit y law, wh ich h as been in effect sin ce No vem ber 15, 1989, was d erived fro m t h e EC Direct ive o n Harm o n iza- t io n o f Pro d u ct Liabilit y Legislat io n . Bo t h t h e EC d irect ives an d EC d ecrees are based o n h arm o n ized EN st an d ard s fo rm u lat ed o n beh alf o f t h e Co m m issio n an d p u blish ed in t h e EC O fficial Bu llet in aft er h arm o - n izat io n . Th ese st an d ard s allo w t h e m ach in e m an u fact u rers t o co m p ly wit h t h e relevan t d irect ives. Th e m an u fact u rers can , bu t are n o t o blig- ed t o , co m p ly wit h t h e st an d ard s. Th e m an u fact u rer can h ave reco u rse t o t h e p resu m p t io n t h at t h e req u irem en t s o f t h e d irect ive are fu lfilled by ap p licat io n o f t h e h arm o n ized st an d ard s. In th e stan d ard s, con crete solu tion s are p u t forward for ach ievem en t of th e p rescribed safety stan d ard : safety grilles on p resses, for exam p le, are req u ired to h ave a closin g force of n o m ore th an 150 N. Oth erwise, a d an ger of cru sh in g exists wh ich can , h owever, also be avoid ed th rou gh th e u se of a con tact strip . In case of failu re to com p ly with a h arm on ized 109 Press safety and certification Directive Content Valid w ithout restriction from 89392 ECM D 1195 9368 Amendment to ECM D Identification 1195 9344 Amendment to ECM D Safety components 1197 91368 Amendment to ECM D 1195 87404 Simple pressure vessels to 30 bar 1193 89336 Electromagnetic compatibility 1196 7323 Low voltage directive 1197 86188 M achine noise 1190 89655 Operating resources directive 1197 Table 3.6.1: European standards Metal Forming Handbook Schuler c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998 stan d ard , th e m an u factu rer can fu lfill th e h ealth an d safety stan d ard s u sin g altern ative m eth od s. In con trast, h owever, failu re to com p ly with t h e ECMD will resu lt in p ro secu t io n o f t h e m an u fact u rer, wit h d rawal o f t h e p ro d u ct fro m t h e Eu ro p ean m arket an d d eco m m issio n in g o f t h e h azard o u s p ress. EN st an d ard s are classified u n d er t h ree cat ego ries, each wit h it s o wn fu n ct io n an d p u rp o se. Gen eral gu id elin es an d safet y t arget s are set d o wn in so -called A st an d ard s. B st an d ard s im p o se req u irem en t s o n cer- t ain facilit ies, fo r exam p le safet y eq u ip m en t u sed fo r d ifferen t t yp es o f m ach in es. C st an d ard s d efin e m ach in e cat ego ries an d t h e req u irem en t s im p o sed o n t h ese. Fo r a given m ach in e cat ego ry, t h e C st an d ard s lay d o wn t h e way in wh ich risks are likely t o o ccu r an d h o w t h ey sh o u ld be evalu at ed an d safegu ard ed again st . Du e t o t h e gen eralit y wit h wh ich m ach in es are gro u p ed t o creat e m ach in e cat ego ries – t h e m ech an ical p ress cat ego ry, fo r exam p le, ran ges fro m t h e n o t ch in g m ach in e t o t h e large-p an el t ran sfer p ress – it can , in cert ain cases, be exp ed ien t t o d evi- at e fro m t h e st an d ard wh ile st ill co m p lyin g wit h t h e req u irem en t s o f t h e ECMD. As d ocu m en tary evid en ce of com p lian ce with h ealth an d safety req u irem en ts, th e m ach in e m an u factu rer issu es th e own er with a Cer- tificate of Con form ity Fig. 3.6.2 accord in g to an n ex II A, an d attach es th e CE m ark to th e m ach in e. No m ach in e h as been com m ission ed in th e EEC with ou t a Declaration of Con form ity or CE m ark sin ce Jan u ary 1, 1995. Th e ECMD d ifferen t iat es bet ween in d ep en d en t ly wo rkin g m ach in es an d m ach in es in t en d ed fo r in st allat io n as p art o f an o verall p ro d u ct io n lin e. A p ro d u ct io n lin e co m p rised o f several co m p o n en t s co n st it u t es a m ach in e wh ich h as o n ly o n e CE m ark an d o n ly o n e d eclarat io n o f co n fo rm it y. Fo r all p ro d u ct io n lin e co m p o n en t s wh ich are in cap able o f o p erat in g in d ep en d en t ly, t h e su bco n t ract o r issu es a m an u fact u rer’s d eclarat io n in co m p lian ce wit h an n ex II B. Un d er cert ain circu m - st an ces, co m p o n en t m ach in es o f t h is t yp e d o n o t p erm it safegu ard in g u n less in t egrat ed in t h e o verall lin e. An in d ivid u al d est acker wit h o u t t h e p ress, fo r in st an ce, p erm it s free access t o h azard o u s m o vem en t s an d is t h u s in cap able o f co m p lyin g wit h t h e ECMD. Th e p art y resp o n sible fo r t h e o verall lin e, wh o se fu n ct io n it is t o issu e t h e d eclarat io n o f co n - fo rm it y, m u st t h erefo re en su re t h at t h e m an u fact u rer o f t h e co m p o - n en t s 110 Fundamentals of press design Metal Forming Handbook Schuler c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998 – st ip u lat es in t h e m an u fact u rer’s d eclarat io n t h at t h e co m p o n en t co m p lies as far as p o ssible wit h t h e ECMD, – h as co m p iled an d arch ived t h e req u ired d o cu m en t at io n as laid d o wn by an n ex V, p o in t 3, – st ip u lat es t h e ap p lied safet y st an d ard s an d – h as m ad e referen ce in t h e o p erat in g in st ru ct io n s t o t h e safet y regu la- t io n s fo r t h e m an u fact u rer o f t h e lin e in t o wh ich h is co m p o n en t s are t o be in t egrat ed . All t h o se in vo lved assu m e t h at t h e p rescribed m in im u m st at em en t , as in d icat ed in an n ex II B, is in su fficien t an d t h e m ach in e can n o t be co m - m issio n ed u n t il t h e o verall lin e h as been p ro ven t o co m p ly wit h t h e ECMD. Freq u en t ly, an d in p art icu lar in t h e case o f large-scale p resses, p art o f t h e eq u ip m en t o rigin at es fro m t h e u ser an d p art o f it fro m t h e p u rch aser o f t h e p ress. As t h e ECMD req u ires st at ic st abilit y an d safe access t o all p o in t s o f p o ssible in t erven t io n , wit h t h e d eclarat io n o f co n fo rm it y t h e p ro d u ct io n lin e m an u fact u rer assu m es resp o n sibilit y also fo r t h e st ru ct u ral wo rk carried o u t fo r t h e p ress, fo r exam p le t h e co n st ru ct io n o f t h e n ecessary fo u n d at io n s. Th e id en t it y o f t h e m an u - fact u rer o r co n st ru ct io n fo rem an as d efin ed by ECMD m u st be co n t rac- t u ally laid d o wn in t h e case o f t h is t yp e o f p ro d u ct io n lin e. Th e resp o n - sible p art y t h en h as t h e o t h er co n t ract u al p art n ers co n firm co m p lian ce wit h h ealt h an d safet y st an d ard s t o t h e ext en t o f t h eir resp ect ive p er- fo rm an ce.

3.6.4 CE marking