M aterials and heat treatment
5.5 M aterials and preforms for producing hydroformed components
5.5.1 M aterials and heat treatment
Basically th e sam e m aterials wh ich can be u sed for oth er cold form - in g tech n iq u es su ch as d eep -d rawin g cf. Table 4.2.3 are su itable for h yd roform in g ap p lication s. Th e m aterial sh ou ld h ave a fin e-grain ed m icrostru ctu re an d be soft-an n ealed . Th e best fo rm in g resu lt s are ach ieved u sin g m at erials wit h a h igh d egree o f u lt im at e elo n gat io n , wh ereby t h e u lt im at e elo n gat io n at righ t an gles t o t h e lo n git u d in al d irect io n o f t h e t u be – i. e. gen erally at righ t an gles t o t h e ro llin g d irect io n o f t h e sh eet m et al – is im p o rt an t fo r t h e co n figu rat io n o f h yd ro fo rm co m p o n en t s. A h igh d egree o f st rain h ard - en in g is ben eficial. Th e t u be m an u fact u rin g p ro cess an d p re-fo rm in g brin g abo u t a st rain h ard en in g effect wh ich m ay h ave t o be elim in at ed by an n ealin g fo r cert ain co m p o n en t s p rio r t o t h e h yd ro fo rm in g p ro cess. If t h e fo rm a- bilit y o f t h e m at erial is exceed ed d u rin g a p ro d u ct io n st ep in t h e m an - u fact u rin g p ro cess, fo rm in g m u st be p erfo rm ed u sin g several st ages p ro gressive fo rm in g wit h in t erm ed iat e an n ealin g. Ho wever, d u e t o t h e ad d it io n al co st s in vo lved , h eat t reat m en t sh o u ld o n ly be carried o u t wh en all o t h er p o ssibilit ies, fo r exam p le d esign o r m at erial m o d ifi- cat io n s, h ave been exh au st ed . Th e p referable m et h o d o f h eat t reat m en t fo r austenitic st eels is so lu - t io n izin g – id eally u sin g in ert gas. Fo r sm all p art s, a co n t in u o u s fu rn ace can be u sed . Metal Forming Handbook Schuler c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998 In t h e case o f ferritic st eel, t h e t yp e an d p ract icalit y o f h eat t reat m en t d ep en d h eavily o n t h e resp ect ive m at erial an d it s fo rm in g h ist o ry. O n p rin cip le, eit h er o f t wo p o ssible p ro cesses can be u sed : recryst allizat io n an d n o rm al an n ealin g. Gen erally, Mn o r Si allo ys are u sed fo r alum inium . Th e m o st favo rable m et h o d o f h eat t reat m en t m u st be d et erm in ed in each in d ivid u al case, wh ereby p art icu lar at t en t io n m u st be p aid t o t h e lo n g-t erm beh avio r o f t h e m at erial, an d in t h e case o f st rain h ard en in g allo ys, t o rap id fu rt h er p ro cessin g.5.5.2 Preforms and preparation
Parts
» Forming M ethods of forming and cutting technology .1 Summary
» Dividing M ethods of forming and cutting technology .1 Summary
» Combinations of processes in manufacturing
» Deformation and material flow
» Formability Basic terms .1 Flow condition and flow curve
» Units of measurement Basic terms .1 Flow condition and flow curve
» Press frame Press types and press construction
» Slide drive Press types and press construction
» Drive systems for deep draw ing presses
» Draw cushions Press types and press construction
» Clutch and brake M echanical presses .1 Determination of characteristic data
» Longitudinal and transverse shaft drive
» Gear drives Press crow n assembly
» Pneumatic system Hydraulic system
» Lubrication M echanical presses .1 Determination of characteristic data
» Hydraulic oil Hydraulic presses .1 Drive system
» Stroke limitation and damping Slide locking
» Die clamping devices Changing dies .1 Die handling
» Electrical components of presses Operating and visualization system
» Structure of electrical control systems
» Functional structure of the control system M ajor electronic control components
» Architecture and hardw are configuration Architecture of the PLC softw are
» Future outlook Press control systems .1 Functions of the control system
» Legislation Press safety and certification .1 Accident prevention
» European safety requirements Press safety and certification .1 Accident prevention
» CE marking Press safety and certification .1 Accident prevention
» M easures to be undertaken by the user
» Safety requirements in the USA
» Casting components for presses
» Die development Principles of die manufacture .1 Classification of dies
» Die materials Casting of dies
» Try-out equipment Principles of die manufacture .1 Classification of dies
» Transfer simulators Principles of die manufacture .1 Classification of dies
» M aterials for sheet metal forming
» Friction, w ear and lubrication during sheet metal forming
» Hydro-mechanical deep draw ing
» Active hydro-mechanical draw ing
» Coil lines 3c handbook metal forming
» Production lines for the manufacture of flat radiator plates
» Lines for side member manufacture
» Destackers and blank turnover stations
» Press lines Sheet metal forming lines .1 Universal presses
» Transfer presses for small and medium sized parts
» Large-panel tri-axis transfer presses
» Crossbar transfer presses Sheet metal forming lines .1 Universal presses
» Presses for plastics Sheet metal forming lines .1 Universal presses
» Stacking units for finished parts
» Control systems for large-panel transfer presses
» Blanking processes 3c handbook metal forming
» Blanking lines Shearing lines .1 Slitting lines
» High-speed blanking lines Shearing lines .1 Slitting lines
» Lines for the production of electric motor laminations
» Production and processing of tailored blanks
» Perforating presses Shearing lines .1 Slitting lines
» Control systems for blanking presses
» Fine blanking process Fine blanking
» Fine blanking materials, forces, quality characteristics and part variety
» Fine blanking tools Fine blanking
» Fine blanking presses and lines
» Roll forming and variety of sections
» Roller straightening Bending .1 Bending process
» Layout Organization of stamping plants .1 Design
» Quality assurance through quality control
» Types of hydroformed components
» Fields of application Process technology and example applications .1 Process technology
» Feasibility studies Component development .1 User-oriented project management
» Component design Component development .1 User-oriented project management
» M aterials and heat treatment
» Preforms and preparation M aterials and preforms for producing hydroformed components
» General Presses for hydroforming
» Technical and economic considerations
» General 3c handbook metal forming
» Workpiece properties Benefits of solid forming .1 Economic aspects
» M aterials M aterials, billet production and surface treatment
» Surface treatment M aterials, billet production and surface treatment
» The formed part Formed part and process plan
» Process plan Formed part and process plan
» Forw ard tube extrusion Backw ard cup extrusion and centering
» Reducing open die forw ard extrusion
» Ironing Upsetting Force and w ork requirement
» Loading station Part transfer
» Transfer study Part transfer
» Die closing systems multiple-action dies
» M echanical presses Presses used for solid forming .1 Choice of press
» Hydraulic presses Presses used for solid forming .1 Choice of press
» Supplementary equipment Presses used for solid forming .1 Choice of press
» Special features of hot and w arm forming lines
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