25 It is also used as a powerful social role. This second purpose of Knapp and
Watkins relate to the purpose which is stated by Doyle et al. 2004 that narrative texts have didactic and satirical purpose. It can be used as educational text.
c. Generic Structure of Narrative Text
In composing narrative text, the writers students have to understand the structures of the text. The generic structures of narrative text according to Gerot
and Wignell 1995 are: 1
Orientation This part sets the scene and introduces the participants of the story which
are usually specific and individual. Besides the participants, in this part the story shows the setting time and place of the story. In narratives, the orientation
indicates with imaginary time sequencer such as once upon a time, long time ago, etc.
2 Evaluation
This part is a stepping back to evaluate the plight. The problems are faced but only in the surface. The climax just started to rise up in the story.
3 Complication
In this step, the crises arise. There are some problems which are faced by the characters. It can be more than one problem that happens within the story. In
this part, there is a climax of the story. It can be more than one climax happened in the story.
26 4
Resolution In this part, the crises are resolved for the better or for the worse situation.
This part also presents that the writer shows how the problem solving and the end of the story. There are several moral values or life values which can be learned
form the story.
d. Grammatical Features of Narrative Text
According to Doyle et al. 2004, the grammatical features of narrative are: using past tense to describe the events, using action verbs, using adjective to
describe the characters and the places, using direct and reported speech to present the dialogue.
4. Picture Series
In this part, the researcher used several theories which are related to picture series.
a. The Nature of Picture Series
Pictures series are usually represents of objects and places which are presented in series arrangement depicting sequence events in the same theme.
According to Heinich 1982, pictures are photographic, representative of people, places, and things that are available in most subject areas and levels from
kindergarten to adults. Kreidler 1968 states that a number of pictures indicates that something unusual have already happened. Pictures with more details
several objects, several people performing different actions, all relating to the same general themes can also be useful devices for simulating compositions. The
several actions depicted may allow a sequence of events.
