32
The second participants were the tenth grade accounting students of SMK Negeri 1 Yogyakarta. The level of their English proficiency is in the beginning. From the
second participants, the writer obtained relevant information such as the approach in teaching speaking, the materials and classroom activities, the learning media, and
also the students’ difficulties in the speaking lessons for the analysis of the questionnaires and the observation. Further, this information would be used to
analyze the learner’s characteristics. 2.
The Participants in the Preliminary Field Testing The participants in the preliminary field testing were the evaluators of the
designed materials. The first one was the English teacher at SMK Negeri 1 Yogyakarta who was teaching the tenth grade accounting students. The English
teacher had teaching experience for 10 years. The other ones were the lecturers of the English Language Education Study program at Sanata Dharma University. The
lecturers had teaching experiences for 5 until 35 years. They were also selected by the writer due to their experiences in English language teaching and designing
English materials. It was expected that the writer gained evaluation, feedback, and suggestion for improving the designed materials.
D. Research Instruments
In this study, the writer used some kinds of instrument to collect the data. The instruments were an interview, observations, and questionnaires. They were to
gather the data in this study. The explanation of those three instruments is presented as follows.
33
1. Interview
Before designing the materials, the writer did research and information collecting. One of the ways to do that was by conducting an interview. Ary et all
2002 states that interviews are used to gather data on subjects’ opinions, beliefs,
and feelings about the situation in their own words p. 434. The writer asked open- ended question to gather the data from the teacher, so that the interviewee easily
answered the questions. The writer conducted the interview with the English teacher who was teaching the tenth grade accounting class in SMK Negeri 1 Yogyakarta.
The interview was held in Bahasa Indonesia in order to gain clearer answers. However, the results were translated into English. This instrument was used to
gather the information about the students’ needs and also their difficulties in learning speaking.
2. Class Observation
Gall, Gall Borg 2007 state that naturalistic observation provides more accurate data that obtained from research participants, which often biased by a seth
of materials to give a socially desirable response p. 263. In this study, some observations were done by visiting the tenth grade accounting students. The class
observations were done two times on March 16, 2016 and March 21, 2016. The writer observed the classroom activities. The aim was to gather information about
students’ needs, interest, and characteristics, and the teaching-learning activities in the classroom. The information was helpful in designing a set of English speaking
material for them. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
34
3. Questionnaire
Michael 1998 says that questionnaires are used to tap into the knowledge, opinions, ideas, and experiences of learners, fellow teachers, parents of whatever.
In this study, the writer used the questionnaires to do research and information collecting before designing the materials and gathered data in the preliminary field
testing. It aimed to support the process of designing the materials and gained the evaluation from the evaluators towards the designed materials.
E. Data Gathering Techniques
