2.2.1.7.4. Elliptical Imperatives
All elements in an imperative except the predicator can be ellipsed. Ellipsed in imperative is often due to the fact that the ellipsed constituents can be retrieved
from physical context. Example: Take
2.2.1.7.5 Elliptical Exclamative
Elliptical exclamative must retrain the wh-elements which are the keys to their exclamative import. Thus where the wh-element was attached to either the
subject or the complement, typically both subject and all verbal elements are ellipsed.
Example: What a lucky
2.2.1.8. Minor Clauses
One very important category of clauses in informal situation is that of minor clauses. These are clauses which have no mood structure at all. Minor clauses tend to
be very brief, and are often formulaic. They do not consist of elements of subject, finite, etc. It can not be ambiguously retrieved. It also can not be negated. A minor
clause can not be made to take a negative polarity. The functions of the minor clause are as preludes to negotiation as in the typically reciprocated use of minor clauses in
greetings or as closures. There are three common types of minor clauses in informal language:
a. Lexicalized minor clauses
These are minor clauses which are full lexical items which operate in other structures in the language. These words are usually adjectives or adverbs, and have
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evaluative dimensions. Swearing when expressed as an autonomous expression fits into this category. These types of minor clauses typically as a responding.
Example: Exactly true
b. Formulaic expression
These are typically of greeting and thanks. Example: G’day
c. Non-lexical items
The functions are as conventionalized feedback and backchannel indicators. Such items tend to have no standardized written form. They also have no experiential
content, but play a very important interpersonal role in interactive discourse. Example: Uhuuuh
2.2.1.9. Non-Finite Clauses
….
A non-finite clause is a clause in which there is no finite element present. Typically they consist only of a predicator, plus any of a complements or adjuncts.
They also have no subject. However in the informal language non-finite clauses are rare.
Example: She comes
2.3. THE INFORMAL LANGUAGE AND SOME RULES OF ITS
GRAMMAR
Based on the descriptive language, it can be perceived that language is based on how actually language functions in the social contexts and how those contexts can
actually constraint the structure and the use of language. Dillard 1972 says, “Some speakers of English, notably self-styled educated speakers, often equate the formal
language style with standard language; the informal style, if discussed at all, is
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dubbed a form of sloppy speech or even slang, especially in language classes in public schools. But on closer investigation of the investigation of the actual details of
informal language, it turns out that the informal style, far from being merely a sloppy form of language , is governed by rules every bit as precise, logical, and rigorous as
the rules governing formal language.” A well-known difference between formal and informal language styles in
English and indeed in many other languages is that the formal style has a greater amount of abbreviation, shortening, contraction, and deletion. The informal
languages are strict to the point. Let us compare the examples below: a.
Do you feel so tired b.
? Formal Tired
You tired? Informal ? Informal
The informal style is brief compared with the formal one. The two important grammatical features of the informal language are:
a. The dropping of the subject of the sentence
b. The dropping of the auxiliary verb
Below are the descriptions of the grammatical styles in informal language based on Conrad and Leech 2007:
2.3.1 Tag Controlled Deletion
In a tagged sentence, there are two important properties of a sentence: 1 the tag contains the auxiliary verb found in the sentence, or in the case of do the
auxiliary verb found in the min sentence, and 2 the pronoun in the tag agrees with the subject of the sentence. The tag question thus contains, in part, a repetition of
some of the information found in the main sentence. Tag controlled deletion is the
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rule of the abbreviated style in informal language. Even though the subjects and the auxiliaries are missing from the main clauses, the information can easily be
recovered from the tag. Examples: Been waiting for so long time again, haven’t you
?
2.3.2 Deletion of Be
Another informal style of English involves abbreviated questions. Want some coffee? is an example of one type of abbreviated question; another type, the one we
will be examining here, involves the deletion of the verb be. Examples: Gonna leave soon
?
2.3.3 Deletion and Recovery of Information
We have seen that the abbreviated questions are formed by deleting elements. It is important to realize that apparent abbreviations also occur in the informal style in
English example, in a situation where we might use the abbreviated question Want some coffee? We might also be able to ask simply, Coffee?. To take another
example, suppose you see a friend wearing shoes you haven’t seen before. You might point them and ask, New? These single word utterances are quite common in
casual styles and are perfectly appropriate and comprehensible. The deletion of subjects and contractible verbs in, for example, abbreviated
questions is governed by a systematic rule, with strict conditions. Not just any kind of deletion of subject and verb is possible, even if the context would make the
abbreviation perfectly clear. Example: Sick?
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Besides by looking at the forms of the language, we can also caracterize the informal language based on its vocabularies.
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2.4 RELEVANT STUDIES
Suksiroji, Amarapa. 2009. A study of Informal English Language Used in the Movie ‘‘The Holiday’’.Unpublished thesis. Thailand: Faculty of Liberal Arts. In his thesis,
he aims to divide the sang, idiom, and comparison between informal and formal sentence with Standard English Grammar. After collecting all the data, he finds that
there are totally 28 slangs and 42 idiom. The characters in the movie communicate by using informal in order to have a comfort way, naturalization and promptness.
Ikhwal, 2012. The Analysis of Mood Types in Debate Contest of Festival Pendidikan at Muria Kudus University on 14th June, 2012.
u
npublished thesis. Kudus: Universitas Muria Kudus. In his thesis, he analyses about the types of Mood and the
Process types by using the descriptive qualitative method. He analyses the debate skill because it can sharpen the critical thinking, communication, listening,
persuasion,etc. After analysing the data, he finally finds that most of the type which is used in the debate is declarative 2,88 , imperative 95,24, and interrogative
is only 2,88. Then, the percentage of process types is 19,55, material 3,63, mental 65,41, relational 0,50, behaviour 0,50verbal 8,62, existential 2,26,
and meteorological 0.
Nasution, Fazdilah, Dian. 2010. An Analysis of Mood Types in William Shakespeare’s Play “Romeo and Juliet”: A Systemic Functional Linguistics
Approach. Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara. In her thesis, she analyses about the most dominant Mood types by applying the theory of M.A.K Halliday. By studying
some books and some related literature, she finally finds that the most dominant Mood type is declarative 222 82,7, compared to interrogative and declarative.
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Kholifah, Nor. 2013. Mood Types Analysis in the Script of Barrack Obama’s Victory Speech 2012 On Election Night.Unpublished thesis. Kudus:Universitas Muria Kudus.
In her thesis, she analyses the Mood types used in the script of Barrack Obama’s victory speech 2012 on election night by finding the mostly used type of Mood in his
speech. So, by using the descriptive qualitative method, she finds that the declarative 94,53 is mostly used rather than interrogative 5,08, and imperative 0,39.
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
3.1 Method of the Study
This study uses descriptive qualitative method which is applied by giving a description of the mood types in the article Kids with Guns. Abdurrahmat 2006
says that descriptive qualitative method is a method of research which aims to serve the information accurately and precisely about the characteristics of a population. It
is also applied to answer the question “how” and “why”.
3.2 Data and Source Data
The data are collected from Robert Atwan’s book. “Our Time” book is edited by Robert Atwan. It was published in 1995 by Bedford Books of St. Martin’s Press.
This book was manufactured in USA. The book consists of 15 chapters with 63 subchapters. The subchapter 11 from the fifth chapter is analyzed. The title of the
article found in this subchapter is Kids with Guns. This article is written by Eric Pooley. This article was ever published on August 5, 1991 in New York Times
Magazine. Specifically, the writer would like to analyze this article by using Mood types theory. The data consists of the clauses that are found in the data source.
3.3 Techniques of Data Analysis
There are some techniques will be used in the analysis such as the followings: a. To read the article Kids with Guns
b. To select the clauses which have informal language by looking into the forms and vocabularies
c. To transcribe the clauses which have the informal language
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