students and teachers will take a benefit and teachers may achieve all the educational outcomes through applying the use of picture sequences,
especially in the teaching of narrative text writing. The writer also hopes that it will be useful for the further researcher to do a better research of teaching
and learning cases.
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
F. Literature Review
1. Writing
a. The Nature of Writing
Writing is one of four language skills in learning English, the skills are listening, speaking, reading and writing. It is one of the important
skills to be mastered, especially by the students in junior high school. Writing involves more than just producing words and sentences, writing
should be able to write a series of words and sentences which are grammatically and logically correct, so the reader can possibly
understand what the writer has in hisher mind or what hisher purpose is. Many experts define writing in different thought to explain how
writing best works and how it should be better thought. Meyers defines writing “a way to produce language you do naturally
when you speak ”.
8
It means that we can write as easy as we speak. Contrast with that, Harmer states that making good writing is more
complex than producing speaking.
9
Different from listening and speaking, writing is not something which can get naturally. Writing is
productive skill that will be acquired because of practice. Supported
with Harmer’ statement, Langan stated that writing is a skill, like skill in driving, typing or cooking and like any skill, it can be
learned .
10
From this statement, it is clearly that writing is a skill that we can master but it is not an automatic process and it does not come
instantly. We need a lot of practice to master it. Another definition was given by Raymond “Writing is a way of
remembering and a way of thinking as well. ”
11
Writing makes word permanent and it can expand the collective memory of human beings
8
A. Meyers. Gateways to Academic Writing: Effective Sentences, Paragraphs and Essays.
New York: Pearson Education, Inc.2005, p. 54
9
Jerremy Harmer. How to Teach Writing. Essex: Longman Group. Ltd. 2004, p. 60
10
John Langan, English Skills with Reading, Seventh Edition, New York: McGraw Hill, 2008,
p. 11
11
James C. Raymond, Writing Is an Unnatural Act, New York, Harper Row, Publisher,
Inc, p.2
5
from small store and the collective memory of our cluture until produce writing as many as capacity of library. In addition, writing is a tool for
clear thinking, for sharpening our awereness of the realities around us, for solving problems and shaping argument and for developing
knowledge. Kirton and Millan argued that writing ability is developmentaly
dependent on proficiency in listening comprehension, speaking and reading.
12
Writing will help students mastered skills completely. When they writing something, they will read some source, listening to any
opinion and sharing with another. Writing is not only combinations of letter, which relate to the sounds
made when people speak, but writing is more than production of these graphic symbols. The graphic symbols must be arranged in such away
according to certain convention to form words to form phrase, to form sentence, sentences form paragraphs, to form text or passages.
Meanwhile, Byrne define Writing as a discovery process, it involves discovering idea, how to organize them and discovering what that you
want to put ever to your reader. So a lot of what a writer does a writer doesn’t actually appear on the page.
13
From the explanation above, the researcher concludes that writing as one of skills, is very complex, It is neither an easy as spontaneous
activity. Writing needs some mental efforts that must be combined and arranged. Writing needs hard working, when the students do writing.
They not only have to keep minds but also considered the ideas, which are relevant to their goal at the teaching.
b. The Purpose of Writing
When people write something they must have a purpose that they want to share in their writing. The purpose of writing based on Penny Ur,
“the purpose in writing, in principle, is the expression of ideas, the conveying of a message to the reader.”
14
It can be concluded that the
12
Bill Kirton and Katleen Mc. Millan, Guide to Writing at University New York: Routledge,
2007, p.4
13
Dom Byrne. Teaching Writing Skill. London. Longman. 2006, p. 156
14
Penny Ur, A Course in Languang Teaching: Practice and Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1996p. 163
