Narrative Text Literature Review

3. Picture

a. The Nature of Picture Picture is a drawing object and it is visual aids that are very useful for English teaching. As stated before, English is a foreign language for Indonesian students, to they have to know the English words when they want to use it. Picture will help students to know the English words understand the meaning of those words when they want to use it. According to Gerlach, pictures are a two dimension visual representation of a person, place or things photograph which are most common, but sketches, cartoons, murals, cartons, charts, graphs and maps are widely used. Through picture, learner can see the object from areas for their own experience Andrew Wright points out pictures are not just an aspect of method through their representation of places, objects and people they are an essential part of the overall experiences, we must help students to cope with. 24 Through picture, students can see people, places and things from out of their own experiences. From the statement above, it can be known that language should pay attention to the learners’ experiences which involve situation. Through picture, language learners get both of it because they can directly see the object or the situation of the material. So, they can remember it much longer from the sight. b. Kinds of Picture According to Andrew Wright there are 21 kinds of picture based on the form, they are: 1 Checkchart for picture 2 Picture for single object 3 Picture of famous people 4 Picture of several people 5 Pictures of people in action 6 Picture of one person 7 Picture of the news 12 Sequences of pictures 13 Related pictures 14 Single stimulating pictures 15 Pictures of maps and symbols 16 Pairs of pictures 17 Pictures and texts 18 Ambigous pictures 24 Andrew Wright, Pictures for Language Learning, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 2 8 Picture of fantasies 9 Picture of places 10 Pictures from history 11 Pictures with a lot of information 19 Bizarre pictures 20 Explanatory pictures 21 Students and teachers drawings 25 There are so many types of picture that can be useful for both teachers and students for helping them in mastering English. Those kind of pictures also can be applied in teaching and learning activities. c. Function of Picture Pictures play an important role in facilitating the teaching and learning process. So a picture is a valuable resource as it provides: 1 A shared experience in the class room 2 A need for common language forms to use in the classroom 3 A variety of tasks 4 A focus of interest for students 26 Picture can help students to keep in mind overall context, the nature and behavior of the protagonist and the situation they are in. As stated by Andrew that picture can be used by the teachers and the students whatever the emphasise of the syllabus they are following. 27 Grazyna Szyke stated in his article that using pictures are indisputable. They add variety, providing a change of pace important in maintaining a high level of interest. To give a clear concept of what word or structure many mean, they are much simpler and more vivid than long explanation would be. Pictures can also introduce and teach aspects of the target language culture. 28 Pictures can be applied in various configurations to increase learning and practice. 29 Pictures introduce a great deal variety into the 25 Ibid; p. 193-203 26 Ann Raimes, Techniques in Teaching Writing. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, p. 27 27 Opcit; p. 4 28 Grazyna Szyke, Using Pictures as Teaching Aids..... p. 46 29 Marianne C. Murcia, Technique and Resources in Teaching Grammar, New York: Oxford University Press, 1988, p. 73 classroom. Interesting or entertaining pictures motivate students to respond in many ways of teaching and learning activities. From the explanation above, the writer can synthesize that the function of pictures are: it provides both the situations which make the use of language possible and the subject on which language is used, it shows grammatical relations, it develop an understanding of different foreign culture. d. Picture Sequence Betty Morgan define a picture sequence as a series of pictures of a single subject. Its function is to tell a story or a sequence of events. 30 Picture sequence is one of the functional catagories. The technique used requires learners to understand the overall purpose of a piece of writing, not just the immediate sentence-bound grammatical context. 31 Cartoon strips and instruction of pictures are potentially useful. Experience will show the teacher which strips are the most useful. The strips can be kept as they are and used to contextualize a story or description of a process. First of all the teacher can ask questions to help the students can discuss the technique of the cartoonist in hisher representation of the people and setting the relationship between and the words.

G. Relevant Study

Some students of English education Department in Indonesia have conducted the researchs about using picture sequences in teaching English as a Foreign Language. One of them is Puji Astuti 2011, titled “Improving Students’ Ability in Writing Recount Text Through Picture Sequences” She applied a classroom action research design at the first year of MA Darul Ma’arif Cipete. From her research can be taken a conclusion that using picture sequences can improve the students’ ability in writing recount text. It can be seen from the result of the result of the student. As the result, the mark 30 Betty Morgan Brown. Look here Visual Aids in Language Teaching, London: Language Teaching Series, 1973, p. 28 31 Jo McDoonough, Materials and Methods in ELT, Cambridge: Blackwell Publisher, 1993, p. 182 of students in experimental class is higher than the mark of students in control class. In other side, Acik Lisna Vandiwi 2013 on her study “Using Picture Series to Teach Writing Procedure Text at First Grade of SMP