c Persuasive Writing
Editorials, letters appealing for contribution, advertisements, and campaign speeches are all attempts to persuade. Any writing that is aimed at
convincing its readers to adopt a certain idea or to take a certain action is persuasive writing.
d Imaginative Writing
Short stories, novels, plays, and poems are forms of imaginative writing. Imaginative is the product of the writer’s artful use of language to create
images, characters, and incidents that move and entertain the reader.
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3. Kinds of Writing
Generally, there are three kinds of writing; those are Free Writing, Controlled Writing, and Guided Writing as explained by experts below:
a. Free Writing
According to John Lagan; “Free Writing is just sitting down and writing
whatever comes to your mind about a topic”.
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This opinion also almost the same as Peter and Pat, they said that “Free Writing means writing privately
and writing without stopping. Just write whatever words come to your mind or whatever you want to explore at this moment”.
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It means that in free writing, the students just write anything what they want to write, without
worrying about spelling or grammar, and do not stop until they run out of something to say in their writing.
b. Controlled Writing
Based on Ann Raimes ’ statement that “Controlled writing is all the writing
your students do for which a great deal of the content and or form
29
Marjorie Farmer, Composition and Grammar II, New York: Laid Law Brother Publisher, 1985, p.39.
30
John Langan, Sentence Skills: Work Book for Writers, Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2003, p.17.
31
Peter Elbow and Pat Belanoff, A Community of Writers; A Workshop Course in Writing, 3
rd
Ed, Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2000, p. 6.
supplied”.
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She also explained that in controlled writing, the students are focused on getting words down on paper and in concentrating on one or two
problems at a time; and the technique which is considered by her is the students are given a task to work such as an outline to complete, a paragraph
to manipulate, a model to follow, or a passage to continue. c.
Guided Writing Ann Raimes stated also that “Guided writing is an extension of controlled
writing.”
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She explained that guided writing is less controlled than controlled writing. In this kind of writing the students are given a first
sentence, a last sentence, an outline to fill out, a series of question to respond to, or information to include in their writing.
D. Recount Text
1. The Definition of Recount Text
Recount is a kind of text to retell past events. Mark Anderson stated that recount text is a piece of text that retell past events, usually in the order of which
they happened.
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It means that recount text is to tell someone about something or even in the past.
In addition, Wadirman stated that a recount text is a text that tells the reader about one story, action, and activity. Its goal is to entertain or inform the
reader.
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It means that recount text is a text about past event which its purpose is to entertain or to inform the reader.
Another opinion stated by Hyland, “Recount text is one kind of story genre that reconstructs past experience by retelling events is original sequence.”
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32
Ann Raimes, Technique in Teaching Writing, New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, p. 95.
33
Ibid, p 103
34
Mark Anderson and Kathy Anderson, Text Types in English 3, South Yarra: McMillan, 1998, p. 50.
35
Artono Wadirman, Masduki B. Jahur, and M. Sukirman Djusna, English Focus for Grade VIII Junior High School, Jakarta: Pusat Perbukuan Departemen Nasional, 2008, p. 61.
36
Ken Hyland, Second Language Writing, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 20.
