d. Classifying Error.
To classify error means that putting the errors into categories. e.
Counting Error. To count errors is the last step that we have to do in analyzing errors. We have
to count of each type of error made by the learners.
24
In this procedure of error analysis, it shows that in analyzing error, the teacher should be able to identify error through those steps above. For this
research, the writer used James’ theory above to analyze the students’ errors.
C. Writing
1. Definition of Writing
There are many different definitions about writing given by experts. According to Barnet and Stubbs’s; “Writing as a physical act; it requires material
and energy. And like most physical acts, to be performed fully, to bring pleasure, to both performer and
audience, it requires practice”.
25
While Rise B. Axelrod and Charles R. Cooper said, “Writing is a complex process and as such contains element of mystery
and surprise”.
26
Furthermore, they said,” Writing does still more, it contributes to personal development”,
27
as students write, they become more potent thinkers and active learners; they come eventually to a better understanding of themselves through the
recording, clarifying, and organizing of their personal experience and our innermost thought.
Based on opinion above, it shows that the important thing of learning writing for the students is to express themselves on the paper by using their own
language, and to be able to write well, students should more practice.
24
James, op. cit., pp. 91 –114.
25
Barnet and Stubbs’s, Practical Guide to Writing, Canada: Brown Company, 4
th
edition 1983, p. 3.
26
Rise B. Axelrod and Charles R. Cooper, The St. Martin’s Guide to Writing, New
York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc, 1985, p. 3.
27
Ibid., p. 2.
2. Types of Writing
Based on their sentence organization, there are three kinds of writing as follows:
a. Descriptive writing is served to show and describe things. James A.W.
Fefferman and John E.Lincoln, stated that “Description is writing about the
way person, animal, or thing appears”.
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b. Narrative writing; writing a narrative means telling a story. Narrative essays
are told from a defined point of view, often the authors, so there is feeling as well as specific and often sensory details provided to get the reader involved
in the elements and sequence of the story. c.
Expository writing or exposition is used to give information, making explanation and interpreting meaning. In includes editorials, essay,
informative, instructional material, and also it can informs, clarifies, defines, and analyze.
According to Marjorie Farmer, there are four types of writing which can be done by the students. They are:
a Expressive Writing
Autobiographies, essays of opinion, diaries, letters, and memories are only a few of many forms of expressive writing. In fact, any writing is
expressive if it c enters on the writer’s personal concerns, wishes, feeling,
memories, or reactions. b
Informative Writing Newspapers and magazines articles, laboratory reports, textbooks,
biographies, and critical essays are different forms of informative writing. Actually, any writing can be called informative if its principal purpose is to
explain, to describe, or to define in short to inform.
28
James A.W. Hefferman and John E.Lincoln, Writing A College Handbook, New York: W.W. Norton Company Inc, 1986, Second Edition, p.83.
