Research Objectives Research Benefits

11 movements to make a teaching and learning process more innovative and inclusive. He states that passive learning must be replaced with active participation as cited in Forman, Nyatanga, Rich, 2002. Furthermore, Oliver 2002 mentions the role of information and communication in education as we progress into 21 st century learning. She believes that it has strong impacts on four aspects in a learning process. Those aspects are what is learned, when and where learning will take place, and how the learning will occur. b. Characteristics of 21 st Century Learning The change of 20 th century learning into 21 st century learning basically cannot be separated from the change of those two eras. It is clear that they have different needs and characteristics. Partnership for 21 st Century Learning Skills 2011 attempted to see how they are different by comparing the language classroom in the past and today. Then, the characteristics of a language classroom in 21 st century learning are presented as follows:  Students learn to use the language  Learner-centered with teacher as facilitator or collaborator  Focusing on the three modes: interpersonal, interpretive, and presentational  Backward design focuses on the end goal  Using thematic units and authentic resources  Emphasizing on learners as “doers” and “creators”  Emphasizing on the relationship among the perspectives, practices, and products of the culture PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 12  Integrating technology into instruction to enhance learning  Using language as the vehicle to teach academic content  Differentiating instructions to meet individual needs  Personalizing real world tasks  Seeking opportunities for learners to use language beyond the classroom  Assessing to find out what students can do  Students know and understand criteria on how they will be assessed by reviewing the task rubric  Learners create to “share and publish” to audience more than just the teacher.

2. Learning Management System

Graf 2008 defines learning management system as a tool which is used to manage the transfer process of knowledge from educators and make it available for students as cited in Roqueta, 2008. Then, Cole 2005 arranges some functions which should be provided in a learning management system. a. Uploading and Sharing Materials A learning management system provides educators to publish materials, articles, syllabuses, or other documents easily. When documents are published through a learning management system, students can access those documents. b. Forums and Chats This is a communication service for both students and educators. This also facilitates students to give their opinions or have discussion with other students. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI