12 Integrating technology into instruction to enhance learning
Using language as the vehicle to teach academic content Differentiating instructions to meet individual needs
Personalizing real world tasks Seeking opportunities for learners to use language beyond the classroom
Assessing to find out what students can do Students know and understand criteria on how they will be assessed by
reviewing the task rubric Learners create to “share and publish” to audience more than just the teacher.
2. Learning Management System
Graf 2008 defines learning management system as a tool which is used to manage the transfer process of knowledge from educators and make it available for
students as cited in Roqueta, 2008. Then, Cole 2005 arranges some functions which should be provided in a learning management system.
a. Uploading and Sharing Materials
A learning management system provides educators to publish materials, articles, syllabuses, or other documents easily. When documents are published
through a learning management system, students can access those documents. b.
Forums and Chats This is a communication service for both students and educators. This also
facilitates students to give their opinions or have discussion with other students. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
13 c.
Quizzes and Surveys A learning management system is also provided with quizzes and surveys
for students. This also allows students to give direct feedback or responses based on their abilities and knowledge.
d. Gathering and Reviewing Assignments
Students are able to check their results and scores through a learning management system.
e. Recording Grades
A learning management system also provides educators with another function namely recording students’ grades automatically. It depends on educators’
configuration or setting from the beginning of the class.
3. E – Learning
a. Definition
According to Naidu 2006, e-learning refers to the use of information and communication technology in a learning process. Besides e-learning, there are
various terms which refer to the same concept. Those terms are online learning, virtual learning, distributed learning, and web-based learning. Meanwhile, Stockley
2006 defines e-learning as a delivery program of learning, training, or education which is integrated into an electronic tool such as computers or other facilities in
order to give training, education, or learning materials. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14 b.
Models Rashty 1999 classifies e-learning into three different models. The
classification is based on the delivery system models. The three models are adjunct, mixedblended, and fully online learning as cited in Darmawan, 2014.
1 Adjunct
This model is also called as a traditional plus learning process. In this learning, the traditional learning is supported by an online learning system.
However, the existence of e-learning is only as a supplement for the learning process.
2 Mixedblended
This learning is the combination of the traditional learning and e-learning. In this learning, e-learning is not only as a supplement, but also part of the learning
process. In other words, e-learning and face-to-face learning cannot be separated. 3
Fully online This model is where all learning processes are done through e-learning or
online learning. Learning materials are provided by linking to other sources in the internet. The main characteristic of this model is there is an online collaborative
learning. c.
Functions According to Siahaan 2003, there are three functions of e-learning in a
classroom learning process. Those functions are as a supplement, complement, and substitution as cited in Darmawan, 2014.
