Setting of Research RESEARCH METHOD

a. Democratic Validity The democratic validity has something to do with involving stake holders’ chance to give their opinions, ideas, and comments about the implementation of the action research. To fulfill this criterion, the researcher considered the English teacher’s opinion and suggestion as well as the students’ view towards the research and the English subject. b. Outcome Validity Outcome validity refers to the actions during the research. The action can be successful if it is within the context of the research. In this research, the processes were related to the improvement of students’ writing skill through the use of mind mapping. c. Process Validity Process validity describes that the actions are believable. The researcher collected the data by doing observation, and fields note during the research to obtain the process validity. In this research, the process was done in two cycles. The cycles consist of planning, actions, and observations, and reflection steps. The process involved some different data sources. It was followed by some evidence that showed the believable process. d. Catalytic Validity Catalytic validity is related to the extent in which the research could allow the participants to understand the social context. To achieve this 40 validity, the researcher asked the students’ and the teacher’s response after the implementation of the actions. e. Dialogic Validity Dialogic validity is related to the stakeholders involved in the process of the research. The researcher collaborated with the teacher to observe the research process. In addition, the researcher was also assisted by the collaborator in conducting the research. Meanwhile, the trustworthiness was obtained from the triangulation technique. According to Burns 1999: 164, the aim of triangulation is to gather multiple perspectives on the situation being studied. Burns also proposes three forms of triangulations. They are described as follows: a. Time triangulation Time triangulation means that the data are collected over period of time. It was done to get a sense of what factors are involved in the change processes. In this research, the researcher conducted the action from March 18 th 2014 until May 22 th 2014. b. Investigator triangulation Investigator triangulation means that more than one observer is used in the same research setting. To fulfill the investigator triangulation, the researcher worked collaboratively with the English teacher and also the collaborator. It was done to avoid bias or subjective observations. 41