“Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are
readily, acceptable and comprehensible to the readership,” Newmark 47. From the descriptions of translation types above, it can be suggested that
there are, in fact, two broadest types of translation as said by Newmark ─he
differentiates the types of translation based on two kinds emphases, the SL emphasis and TL emphasis. They can refer to:
1. the SL emphasis which is also used by Larson form-based; Jacobson
interlingual and intralingual; and Catford full-partial, total-restricted, rank of translation, and
2. the TL emphasis which is also used by Larson meaning-based and
Jacobson intersemiotic.
3. Translation Process
The process of translation is to transfer the meaning from source language to target language. According to Newmark, there are three basic translation
processes. They are:
a. the interpretation and analysis of the source language text,
b. the translation procedure, which may be direct or on the base source
language and target language corresponding syntactic structures, or through an underlying logical ‘interlanguage’ the tiritium
comparasionis, and
c. the reformulation of the text in relation to the writer’s intention, the
reader’s expectation, the appropriate norms of the target language, etc.
Suyawinata in Nababan 2003: 25 states that the translation process involves three stages. Firstly is analyzing of source language text; secondly is
transferring and finally restructuring. Those processes are portraited into the diagram below.
Analisis PROSES BATIN
Restrukturisasi Transfer
Teks Isi,
isi, Tes
Bahasa Makna
Makna Bahasa
Sumber Pesan
pesan Sasaran
Padanan 2
Pemahaman Evaluasi dan Revisi
Proses Penerjemahan Suryawinata, 1987: 80
Nida stated in his book The Theory and Practice in Translation that: “Translating consists in reproducing in the target language TL the
closest natural equivalent of the source language SL message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”
From the definition above, it can be concerned further the existence of the translation process. Here is Eugene Nida’s model of the translation process,
which illustrates the stages involved:
Source Language Text Receptor Language Translation Analysis
Restructuring Transfer
Every translator needs to be aware of the equivalent. Heshe cannot only try to find the same form of the text, but the most important is how heshe can
transfer the meaning well. The competent translator actually goes through a seemingly roundabout process of analysis, transfer, and restructuring. That is
to say, the translator first analyzes the message of the source language into its simplest and structurally clearest forms, transfers it at this level, and then
restructures it to the level in the receptor language that is more appropriate for the audience, which is intended to reach. 80.
From the description of translation processes stated by some experts above, the researcher wishes to formulate a concept of translation process. By
paying attention carefully to the underlined words, it can be synthesized that the process of translation consists of:
a. analyzing, which is used by Newmark the interpretation and analysis and
Suryawinata, b.
transferring, which is also used by Newmark translation procedures and Suryawinata, and
c. restructuring, which is also used by Newmark Reformulation and
Suryawinata.
4. Translation Principles
