Theoretical Framework REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

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B. Theoretical Framework

Black English, which is in some way known as Creole, is not a Creole in other way because it is a developing language as people can see from its history. Based on its history, it is known as pidgin that had been developed by the need of American to develop a new language to communicate with their African slaves Stoller, 1975. In a real sense, this new language was a mixture of West African languages such as Ibo, Yoruba, and Hausa and English Smitherman, 1986. That is why Black English and Standard English in some way are the same but in some others are also different in their characteristics and usage. As in Labov’s statement Labov, 1969, there are several special features of Black English Vernacular that can be seen when the language is used. It can be seen, by the tense and the aspect system, the inflections which are used in the language, loss information at the ends of Black English words, and the ambiguity of the tense and aspect of Black English. Based on the characteristics of Black English stated by Labov, some samples of the Black English are needed to be found in order to adjust with the use of Standard English and to translate into Standard English. The use of Black English in society is influenced by some factors. They are the speaker’s relationship to the addressee, the age of the addressee, the social background of the addressee, and the topic of the conversation Hymes, 1964. Those factors influence the attitudes or the ways the speaker speaks to the addressee. The speaker usually speaks differently between the addressee who has the same origin or has the similar social background with the speaker and the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 19 addressee who does not have the same origin or the same social background with himher. In this case, the speaker who are Afro-American and speaks Black English will also speak Black English with the addressee who is also Afro- American, but he will not speak Black English with the addressee who is not Afro-American. That is why the situation needed to be understood in order to be able to analyze the use of Black English in social context. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 20

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

This chapter is divided into six subtopics. The first subtopic is the method that was used in doing the research. The second is the subject of the research and the background why the researcher chose them as the subject of the research, the third is the instrument used in gathering the data and also in analyzing the data. The fourth is the result of the data gathered by the researcher. The fifth is the analysis of the data. Finally, the sixth is research procedure which elaborates the procedure in doing the research.

A. Research Methods

This research is a qualitative research because this research focused on understanding social phenomena from the perspective of the human participants in the study. The data were collected in natural setting, the same thing showed in Afro-American movies as the subject of this research. The research is also considered as content analysis because it provides insight into complex models of human thought and language use and it looks directly at communication via texts and transcripts Berelson; 1952. The material used for this research is Afro-American movies. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI