37 phonetic context. Then, the words experience cliticization as they are applied in
written form based on the way they are pronounced.
2. The Interfaces between Morphology and Syntax
The second analysis is the interface between morphology and syntax. Michael Dobrovolsky, William O’Graddy and Francis Katamba in their book;
Contemporary Linguistics, stated that the two branches influence each other since many linguistic phenomena reflect the interaction of the morphological and
syntactic components of the grammar Dobrovolsky, O’ Grady Katamba; 1997. As result in this research of Black English, most of the expressions found
in the movies proof the statement of O’Grady and friends. It is found that when a word in Black English has a problem with its
morphology or experience morphological phenomena, the word triggers a problem in the whole sentence or in other words it distracts the structure of the
sentence. To be clear, here are the examples:
Table 4. 1
Ain’t
[a]
If that ain’t enough, I’ll run you in for exortion.
[b]
We ain’t the Cosbys.
[c]
That ain’t me. Gotta
[d]
You gotta do it quick.
[e]
You always gotta go racial.
[f]
I gotta survive. Gonna
[g]
We were gonna do that.
[h]
I’m gonna kick your ass.
[i]
You ain’t gonna be. Wanna
[j]
I wanna show you something first.
[k]
I wanna holler at you.
[l]
You wanna speak to me?
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From table 4.1. example [a], [b] and [c], readers can see that in Black English the word ain’t experience two morphological phenomena. First, the word
ain’t means be + not so, the process of blends is happened between to be and not
which results ain’t. Ain’t can be meant am not, is not, are not, was not, or were not. Second, the word ain’t experiences cliticization considering the word ain’t is
originally from be + not and it is shortened to become ain’t. The standard form of ain’t which is be + not shows the process of syntax.
As an additional information, ain’t is used generally to show expression which is negative in the form of auxiliary + not. As the examples below:
[o]
You ain’t got no cup holder?
[p]
I ain’t had no quality time The word ain’t + past participle verb means auxiliary + not + present verb.
Referring to figure 4.4., in example [d], [e], and [f], the word gotta experiences two morphological phenomena. First, the word gotta which means
necessity has the real form as have has got to. This means that gotta experiences clipping because it removes have has. Second, it experiences blends because it
combines got and to become gotta. The standard form of gotta which is havehas got to shows the process of syntax.
Outta
[m]
Bad-ass dude outta Hong Kong buying up every goddamn thing.
[n]
Get them titties outta here.
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Similar to gotta, gonna which is shown in example [g], [h], and [i] experiences clipping and blends as its morphological phenomena and as its
syntactical process, gonna shows future or less really so Labov; 1983 which is
shown by the word be + going to a planning in the future or will.
Different from the previous examples gotta and gonna, the word wanna which is shown in example [j], [k]. and [l] only has one morphological
phenomena. The word wanna which means wants experiences blends as its
morphological process while want + to shows its syntactical process.
The last example of Morpho-syntax interface in the data is outta which is shown in example [m] and [n]. The word outta derives from the phrase out of and
experiences blends. The standard form of outta shows its syntactical process.
Has have got to → has have got to → got to
→ Gotta
Be + going to → be + going to
→ going to → Gonna
Want to → want to
→ Wanna Out of
→ out of → Outta
omitted
blends
Figure 4. 4. The process of word formation
omitted
blends blends
blends
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3. Pure Morphology
