41
2. Document Analysis Research Participants’ Reflection
Documents are good sources of data. They can provide good descriptive information, are stable sources of data, and can help ground a study in its context
Ary et al., 2010. The term of “documents” in this context refers to a wide range
of written, physical, and visual materials, including what other authors may term artifacts. “Documents may be personal, such as autobiographies, diaries, and
letters” p. 442. For this study, the researcher used personal documents in the
form of reflections after joining Pengajaran Code. The reflections were as the additional data gathering for the researcher to elaborate some perspective changes
which were undergone by the research participants. In the reflections, there were some questions which aimed to understand
the perspective transformations. They focused on the research participants ’
perspectives on their characters before, during and after joining Pengajaran Code as the tutors.
E. Data Analysis Techniques
1. Phenomenological Steps from Moustakas 1994
The data analysis techniques u sed for the study is Moustakas’
transcendental phenomenology model 1994. He explains there are some substantive steps in the phenomenological methodology:
a. Epoche
Epoche is the first step of the phenomenological reduction process. It is an
approach taken at the beginning of the study by the researcher so that heshe can
42 set aside hisher views of the phenomenon and focus on those views reported by
the participants. Moustakas 1994, p. 84 adds that “no position whatsoever is
taken...nothing is determined in advance;” the researcher remains present and focu
ses on one’s own consciousness by returning to whatever is there in…memory, perception, judgment, feeling, whatever is actually there”.
References to others, their perceptions and judgments must be put aside to achieve epoche
and only the researcher’s perceptions are retained as indicators of knowledge, meaning, and truth.
The idea of Moustkas’ epoche is supported by Cresswell 2006. Creswell
2006 states that a phenomenological study is a method of thinking without any prejudice and does not based on a theory or certain definition in understanding the
essence of phenomena. To describe certain phenomena or experiences, a phenomenological researcher should be neutral and not use certain exist theories
or definitions.
b. Phenomenological Reduction
There are two steps conducted in the phenomenological reduction. The first is “Bracketing” in which the focus of the interview result is placed in a
column. Other things which are not related to the research will be neglected. The second step is “Horizontalization” in which firstly, every statement has same
values and positions. Then, some statements which are overlapping and not relevant to the topic will be deleted. The left statements of each research
participant are called as “horizons”.
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