DATA PRESENTATION A study on the common and compound nouns used by the Indonesian and non-Indonesian writers in the opinion column of The Jakarta Post.

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CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter is divided into two main parts namely data presentation and data analysis.

A. DATA PRESENTATION

In this study, the sources of data are the two opinion articles about Global warming taken from The Jakarta Post daily newspapers issued in September and October 2007. Meanwhile, the data are the selected nouns taken from those two opinion articles. The data presentation consists of tables that represent the frequency, type, form, and marker of the selected nouns used by both the Indonesian writer and the non-Indonesian writer in their opinion articles. There are two types of tables. The first type of table represents the frequency of nouns in each opinion article and in the comparison with the dictionary. The second type of table represents the type, form, and marker of each opinion article. The tables of frequency are divided into three groups. They are groups of low, medium, and high frequency. The low frequency group is intended for nouns which are used once Frequency 1 or twice Frequency 2. Nouns which are used three Frequency 3 or four Frequency 4 times belong to the medium frequency group. The high frequency group is intended for nouns that are used five times and more Frequency ≥ 5. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 34 Since the nouns in Frequency 1 have bigger quantity than the nouns in the other frequencies, they are represented in a separate table. Consequently, the nouns in Frequency 2 are presented in one same table with the Medium and High Frequency group. Along with the frequency table, there is a column which indicated the frequency band based on the dictionary. There are five frequency bands based on the dictionary. In addition, there are two distinctive marks to indicate nouns with specific frequency in dictionary. Nouns with ‘x’ mark mean that they have no frequency band, but still deserve an entry in the dictionary. Meanwhile, nouns with ‘NO’ mark mean no such noun listed in the dictionary. Data from the Indonesian writer is presented in the first section and the Non-Indonesian writer is in the second section. In addition, all of the nouns are presented in an alphabetical order so that they can be analyzed easily. There is a difference in the length of the two opinion articles. The Indonesian writer’s opinion article has a longer text with total number of 939 words while non-Indonesian writer’s opinion article has a text with total number of 790 words. There are 149 words fewer in non-Indonesian opinion article. From that 149-fewer-word, the researcher found 29 chosen nouns in the Indonesian opinion article and 23 chosen nouns in the non-Indonesian opinion article. 35

1. Indonesian Writer

The title of the opinion article : “RI Farmers Can Join Fight against Climate Change” | October 22, 2007 by Tomohide Sugino.

a. Frequency

From 29 total nouns found in the Indonesian opinion article, there are 24 nouns having Low Frequency, 4 nouns having Medium Frequency, and 1 noun having High Frequency. Table 4.1 The Frequency 1 Nouns used by the Indonesian Writer No. Noun Frequency in Dictionary 1 afforestation x 2 air 5 3 climate 3 4 conservation 2 5 ecosystem 1 6 ecosystems 1 7 erosion 1 8 global warming 2 9 lands 5 10 photosynthesis x 11 plant 5 12 plants 5 13 power plants 1 14 reforestation x 15 sciences 4 16 technologies 4 17 water 5 The table shows 17 nouns with one-time appearance used in the opinion article by the Indonesian writer. There are three nouns that do not get any frequency band in the dictionary. They are afforestation, reforestation, and photosynthesis. From the table, there are four nouns that have a drastically 36 different frequency. In contrast with the frequency in the opinion article which supposed to have the low frequency, they get even the highest frequency in the dictionary. They are air, lands, plant, plants, and water. Meanwhile, nouns such as sciences and technologies are also considered important in the dictionary with four bands. There is only climate that deserves three-band in the dictionary. The last two bands, two and one-band, are for conservation, ecosystem, ecosystems, erosion, global warming, and power plants. There are also other nouns found having Low Frequency. They are presented in the table along with Medium and High Frequency nouns. Table 4.2 The Frequency 2, 3, 4, and ≥ 5 Nouns used by the Indonesian Writer Low Freq. Freq. 2 Medium Freq. Freq. 3-4 High Freq. ≥ 5 No. Noun Frequency in Dictionary Noun Freq. in Opinion articles Frequency in Dictionary Noun Freq. in Opinion articles Frequency in Dictionary 1 atmosphere 3 CO2 4 2 carbon 34 3 2 biomass NO climate change 3 NO 3 forest 3 emission 3 2 4 forests 3 farmland 3 1 5 land 5 6 nitrogen 1 7 trees 4 As confirmed in the dictionary there are two nouns that could not be found in the entries. They are biomass and climate change. From Table 4.2, it 37 can be seen that only one noun that deserved five-band in the dictionary. This band is for land. Meanwhile, the noun with frequency two in the opinion article, trees, deserves to get four bands. Surprisingly, most of the other nouns just get three-band such as atmosphere, forest, forests, while carbon has very high frequency in the opinion article with 34 occurrences. Moreover, nouns which have low frequency in the dictionary are nitrogen, CO2, emission, and farmland. From Table 4.1 and Table 4.2, it can be concluded that nouns with ‘NO’ and ‘x’ mark or less than three-band in the dictionary are considered important. It is because such nouns like afforestation, biomass, climate change, CO2, emission, conservation, ecosystem, ecosystems, erosion, farmland, global warming, nitrogen, photosynthesis, power plants, and reforestation can be considered to be the specific terms related to Global Warming that are used by the Indonesian writer. These nouns have low frequency band in the dictionary so they are considered not familiar or not usually used in the common texts. However, the Indonesian writer used these nouns in his opinion article about Global Warming. In other words, the Indonesian writer took into consideration on these nouns to be the frequently used in the opinion article about Global Warming. The Indonesian writer used these nouns. 38

b. Type, Form, and Marker

From total 29 nouns in Indonesian opinion article, there are 18 common nouns, 6 compound nouns, and 5 collective nouns. Table 4.3 The Type, Form, and Marker of Frequency 1 Nouns used by the Indonesian Writer No. Noun Type Form Marker common abstract 1 afforestation uncountable singular before the verb as a subject common abstract 2 air uncountable singular determiner the common abstract 3 climate uncountable singular after the verb phrase as a complement common abstract 4 conservation uncountable singular determiner neither collective abstract 5 ecosystem countable singular determiner the collective abstract 6 ecosystems countable plural preposition of common abstract 7 erosion uncountable singular after the object as an object complement compound abstract 8 global warming uncountable singular after the object as an object complement common concrete 9 lands countable plural determiner the compound abstract 10 photosynthesis uncountable singular preposition through common concrete 11 plant countable singular preposition of common concrete 12 plants countable plural determiner the 39 No. Noun Type Form Marker compound concrete 13 power plants countable plural preposition from common abstract 14 reforestation uncountable singular before the verb as a subject common abstract 15 sciences countable plural preposition for common abstract 16 technologies countable plural preposition with common concrete 17 water uncountable singular preposition of Table 4.3 shows, from 17 nouns in Frequency 1, there are 12 common nouns, 3 compound nouns, and 2 collective nouns. The common nouns are afforestation, air, climate, conservation, erosion, lands, plant, plants, reforestation, sciences, technologies, and water. The compound nouns are global warming, photosynthesis, and power plants. The collective nouns are ecosystem and ecosystems. Meanwhile, from the form, there are 12 singular nouns and 5 plural nouns. Furthermore, from the marker, the researcher found 2 kinds of determiner the and neither, 5 kinds of preposition of, through, from, for, and with, nouns positioned before verb as a subject, after verb phrase as a complement, and after object as an object complement. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 40 Table 4.4 The Type, Form, and Marker of Frequency 2 Nouns used by the Indonesian Writer No. Noun Type Form Marker common abstract 1 atmosphere uncountable singular determiner the common abstract 2 atmosphere uncountable singular determiner the collective abstract 3 biomass uncountable singular determiner the collective abstract 4 biomass uncountable singular determiner the collective abstract 5 forest countable singular after the subject and the verb phrase as an object collective abstract 6 forest countable singular determiner neither collective abstract 7 forests countable plural before the verb as a subject collective abstract 8 forests countable plural determiner the common concrete 9 land uncountable singular after the subject and the verb phrase as an object common concrete 10 land uncountable singular preposition of common abstract 11 nitrogen uncountable singular determiner the common abstract 12 nitrogen uncountable singular preposition of common concrete 13 trees countable plural determiner the common concrete 14 trees countable plural after the object as an object complement 41 Table 4.4 shows 7 nouns that occur twice in the opinion article so there are 14 total nouns analyzed based on different sentences. Most of them have similarities in type and form, but not in the marker. From those 7 nouns, there are 4 common nouns atmosphere, land, nitrogen, and trees, 3 collective nouns biomass, forest, and forests, and no compound noun. 5 nouns are considered singular and 2 nouns are plural. Otherwise, from 14 nouns, there is no new determiner or preposition found in Table 4.4. Moreover, there are nouns positioned after verb as an object. Table 4.5 The Type, Form, and Marker of Frequency 3 Nouns used by the Indonesian Writer No. Noun Type Form Marker compound abstract 1 climate change uncountable singular preposition to compound abstract 2 climate change uncountable singular after the verb phrase as a complement compound abstract 3 climate change uncountable singular preposition on common abstract 4 emission uncountable singular preposition of common abstract 5 emission uncountable singular preposition of common abstract 6 emission uncountable singular after the subject and the verb phrase as an object Table 4.5 shows one common noun emission and one compound noun climate change. All of those nouns are in singular form. Otherwise, there are two new prepositions found in Frequency 3. They are to and on. 42 Table 4.6 The Type, Form, and Marker of Frequency 4 Nouns used by the Indonesian Writer No. Noun Type Form Marker compound abstract 1 CO2 uncountable singular before the verb as a subject compound abstract 2 CO2 uncountable singular after the object as an object complement compound abstract 3 CO2 uncountable singular after the verb phrase as a complement compound abstract 4 CO2 uncountable singular after the verb phrase as a complement compound concrete 5 farmland uncountable singular before the verb as a subject compound concrete 6 farmland uncountable singular preposition of compound concrete 7 farmland uncountable singular preposition of compound concrete 8 farmland uncountable singular determiner their From Table 4.6, it shows that CO2 and farmland are found 4 times in the opinion article. These nouns are compound nouns and in singular form. In addition, there is a new marker found in this frequency which is their. 43 Table 4.7 The Type, Form, and Marker of Frequency ≥5 Nouns used by the non-Indonesian Writer No. Noun Type Form Marker common abstract 1 carbon uncountable singular before the verb as a subject common abstract 2 carbon uncountable singular preposition of common abstract 3 carbon uncountable singular determiner these common abstract 4 carbon uncountable singular preposition of common abstract 5 carbon uncountable singular preposition of common abstract 6 carbon uncountable singular before the verb as a subject common abstract 7 carbon uncountable singular preposition as common abstract 8 carbon uncountable singular determiner a common abstract 9 carbon uncountable singular before the verb as a subject common abstract 10 carbon uncountable singular determiner a common abstract 11 carbon uncountable singular preposition of common abstract 12 carbon uncountable singular preposition as common abstract 13 carbon uncountable singular determiner a common abstract 14 carbon uncountable singular after the object as an object complement 44 No. Noun Type Form Marker common abstract 15 carbon uncountable singular determiner a common abstract 16 carbon uncountable singular after the subject and the verb phrase as an object common abstract 17 carbon uncountable singular determiner a common abstract 18 carbon uncountable singular before the verb as a subject common abstract 19 carbon uncountable singular preposition down common abstract 20 carbon uncountable singular before the verb as a subject common abstract 21 carbon uncountable singular after the subject as a subject complement common abstract 22 carbon uncountable singular preposition to common abstract 23 carbon uncountable singular determiner more common abstract 24 carbon uncountable singular determiner an common abstract 25 carbon uncountable singular preposition of common abstract 26 carbon uncountable singular preposition of common abstract 27 carbon uncountable singular after the verb phrase as a complement common abstract 28 carbon uncountable singular preposition of 45 No. Noun Type Form Marker common abstract 29 carbon uncountable singular preposition of common abstract 30 carbon uncountable singular determiner the common abstract 31 carbon uncountable singular preposition of common abstract 32 carbon uncountable singular preposition of common abstract 33 carbon uncountable singular preposition to common abstract 34 carbon uncountable singular determiner neither Table 4.7 shows us new determiners found in the non-Indonesian opinion article. They are these, a, more, and an. There are also two new prepositions found in this frequency. They are as and down. Meanwhile, here, the researcher can find noun marked after subject as a subject complement. From all data presentation above, the researcher takes a deep analysis on nouns with frequency band below 2 in the dictionary. These nouns are considered to be unfamiliar to be used in common texts but important in a text with such topic like Global Warming. It is because although, the writer knew that the noun is unusual, he kept writing such noun to indicate that his writing is a specific text with specific topic. Furthermore, the researcher continues to emphasize more on these nouns. The nouns that are found in frequency band two and less but found in the opinion article are afforestation, biomass, climate change, conservation, 46 CO2, emission, ecosystem, ecosystems, erosion, farmland, global warming, nitrogen, photosynthesis, power plants, and reforestation. There are total 15 important nouns found in the Indonesian opinion article. From this number, there are 6 common nouns afforestation, conservation, emission, erosion, nitrogen, reforestation, 6 compound nouns climate change, CO2, farmland, global warming, photosynthesis, power plants,, and 3 collective nouns ecosystem, ecosystems, biomass.

2. NON-INDONESIAN WRITER

The title of the opinion article : “What the Big 16 Emitters Can Do on Global Warming” | September 27, 2007 by Michael Richardson.

a. Frequency

From 23 total nouns found in the non-Indonesian opinion article, there are 18 nouns having Low Frequency, 4 nouns having Medium Frequency, and 1 noun having High Frequency. Table 4.8 The Frequency 1 Nouns used by the non-Indonesian Writer No. Noun Frequency in Dictionary 1 Earth 4 2 emission 2 3 emitters NO 4 fossil fuels 1 5 gases 4 6 glaciers 1 7 ice 4 8 power plants 1 9 science 4 10 sea levels 1 11 technology 4 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 47 No. Noun Frequency in Dictionary 12 technologies 4 13 weather 4 The table shows 13 nouns with 1 time appearance. The nouns like Earth, gases, ice, science, technology, technologies, and weather have 4 bands in the dictionary. One noun with 2 bands is for emission and one noun with no entry in the dictionary is for emitters. The rest of the nouns such as fossil fuels, glaciers, power plants, and sea levels have 1 band in the dictionary. As presented in the Indonesian writer section, there are also other nouns found to have Low Frequency and presented in the following table along with Medium and High Frequency nouns. Table 4.9 The Frequency 2, 3, 4, and ≥ 5 Nouns used by the non-Indonesian Writer Low Freq. Freq. 2 Medium Freq. Freq. 3-4 High Freq. ≥ 5 No. Noun Freq. in Dictio- nary Noun Freq. in Opinion articles Freq. in Dictio- nary Noun Freq. in Opinion articles Freq. in Dictio- nary 1 atmosphere 3 climate change 4 NO emissions 8 2 2 carbon dioxide 2 global warming 3 2 3 energy 4 greenhouse 3 2 4 environment 4 polluters 3 1 5 pollution 3 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 48 Table 4.9 shows more surprisingly fact that the comparison between two kinds of frequencies have many differences. Nouns that have low frequency in the opinion article like energy and environment deserve to get 4 bands in the dictionary. In line with that, the noun emissions which deserves to get only two bands in the dictionary, in fact, gets highest frequency in the opinion article. The other two bands nouns are carbon dioxide, global warming, and greenhouse. Meanwhile, nouns like atmosphere and pollution obtain 3 bands. There is climate change which does not have an entry in the dictionary and polluters that has only 1 band. Similar with the Indonesian opinion article, nouns such as emitters, fossil fuels, glaciers, power plants, sea levels, carbon dioxide, climate change, global warming, greenhouse, polluters, and emissions are considered more important than other nouns. These nouns are in Low frequency in the dictionary but written in the opinion article. It proves that the writer chose them because they are related with the Global Warming topic.

b. Type, Form, and Marker

From total 23 nouns in non-Indonesian opinion articles, there are 15 common nouns, 7 compound nouns, and 1 proper noun. Table 4.10 The Type, Form, and Marker of Frequency 1 Nouns used by the non-Indonesian Writer No. Noun Type Form Marker proper abstract 1 Earth uncountable singular determiner the common abstract 2 emission countable singular preposition on 49 No. Noun Type Form Marker common abstract 3 emitters countable plural determiner 16 compound concrete 4 fossil fuels countable plural preposition of common abstract 5 gases countable plural preposition of common concrete 6 glaciers countable plural after the verb phrase as a complement common concrete 7 ice uncountable singular after the verb phrase as a complement compound concrete 8 power plants countable plural preposition from common abstract 9 science countable singular preposition in compound abstract 10 sea levels countable plural after the verb phrase as a complement common abstract 11 technology countable singular preposition in common abstract 12 technologies countable plural preposition of common abstract 13 weather uncountable singular preposition to Table 4.10 shows, from 13 nouns in Frequency 1, there are 9 common nouns, 3 compound nouns, and 1 proper noun. The common nouns are emission, emitters, gases, glaciers, ice, sciences, technology, technologies, and weather. The compound nouns are fossil fuels, power plants, and sea levels. The proper noun is Earth. Meanwhile, from the form, there are 6 singular nouns and 7 plural 50 nouns. Furthermore, from the marker, the researcher found 2 kinds of determiner the and number 16, 5 kinds of preposition on, of, from, in, and to, nouns positioned after verb phrase as a complement. Table 4.11 The Type, Form, and Marker of Frequency 2 Nouns used by the non-Indonesian Writer No. Noun Type Form Marker common abstract 1 atmosphere countable singular determiner the common abstract 2 atmosphere countable singular determiner the compound abstract 3 carbon dioxide uncountable singular determiner the compound abstract 4 carbon dioxide uncountable singular preposition of common abstract 5 energy uncountable singular determiner their common abstract 6 energy uncountable singular preposition in common abstract 7 environment countable singular determiner a common abstract 8 environment countable singular determiner the common abstract 9 pollution uncountable singular after the verb phrase as a complement common abstract 10 pollution uncountable singular after the verb phrase as a complement PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 51 Table 4.11 shows 5 nouns that occur twice in the opinion article. Most of them have similarities in type and form, but not in the marker. From those 5 nouns, there are 4 common nouns atmosphere, energy, environment, and pollution and one compound noun carbon dioxide. All of those nouns are considered singular. Otherwise, from 10 nouns, there two new determiners found their and a, but no new preposition or marker found in Frequency 2. Table 4.12 The Type, Form, and Marker of Frequency 3 Nouns used by the non-Indonesian Writer No. Noun Type Form Marker compound abstract 1 global warming uncountable singular preposition of compound abstract 2 global warming uncountable singular after the verb phrase as a complement compound abstract 3 global warming uncountable singular preposition of compound abstract 4 greenhouse uncountable singular preposition of compound abstract 5 greenhouse uncountable singular determiner their compound abstract 6 greenhouse uncountable singular determiner their common abstract 7 polluters countable plural determiner the common abstract 8 polluters countable plural preposition with common abstract 9 polluters countable plural determiner 16 52 Table 4.12 shows one plural common noun polluters and two singular compound nouns global warming and greenhouse. Otherwise, there is one new preposition found in Frequency 3. It is with. Table 4.13 The Type, Form, and Marker of Frequency 4 Nouns used by the non-Indonesian Writer No. Noun Type Form Marker compound abstract 1 climate change uncountable singular after the verb phrase as a complement compound abstract 2 climate change uncountable singular determiner the compound abstract 3 climate change uncountable singular preposition on compound abstract 4 climate change uncountable singular determiner the Table 4.13 shows climate change as compound noun that is singular. In addition, there is no new marker in this frequency. Table 4.14 The Type, Form, and Marker of Frequency ≥5 Nouns used by the non-Indonesian Writer No. Noun Type Form Marker common abstract 1 emissions countable plural preposition of common abstract 2 emissions countable plural determiner their common abstract 3 emissions countable plural preposition in 53 No. Noun Type Form Marker common abstract 4 emissions countable plural determiner their common abstract 5 emissions countable plural preposition of common abstract 6 emissions countable plural determiner their common abstract 7 emissions countable plural determiner that common abstract 8 emissions countable plural preposition down Table 4.14 shows emissions as common and plural form appears 8 times in the opinion articles. There is one new determiner that and one new preposition down.

B. DATA ANALYSIS