A study on the common and compound nouns used by the Indonesian and non-Indonesian writers in the opinion column of The Jakarta Post.

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vi ABSTRACT

Swastikasari, E. Putri. 2009. A Study on the Common and Compound Nouns Used by the Indonesian and Non-Indonesian Writers in the Opinion Column of The Jakarta Post. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education. Sanata Dharma University.

The precise use of nouns in writing an opinion in a public newspaper might result in a better understanding for the readers. The use of noun in the opinion would help the readers to understand the topic of the opinion. Therefore, the writer of an opinion article should be able to choose and use the appropriate nouns based on the topic in order to make the opinion more understandable.

This research was intended to provide information about the frequency, types, forms, and markers of common and compound nouns used by an Indonesian writer and a non-Indonesian writer in the Opinion column of The Jakarta Post from September - October 2007.

This research was a document analysis which used qualitative approach to analyze the data. The reason for using qualitative approach was that the data were analyzed in the form of descriptive information. Otherwise, descriptive statistical data were only used for the data presentation.

The sources of data were the two opinion articles about Global Warming written in The Jakarta Post’s opinion column. The data were the selected nouns taken from those two opinion articles. The nouns were selected based on Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms (2003). The frequency of the selected nouns within every opinion article was compared with Collins-Cobuild English Dictionary for Advanced Learners (2001). Then, the types, forms, and markers of these nouns were analyzed based on the theories from two grammar books. The result of the analysis was the description on frequency, types, forms, and markers of common and compound nouns used by both Indonesian and non-Indonesian writers as the precise use of nouns in their opinion articles.

Overall, this research provided a conclusion that both Indonesian and non-Indonesian writers used more compound nouns in their opinion articles about Global Warming. It meant that compound nouns could be considered as more frequently used for articles with scientific topics. The Indonesian opinion article used more varieties of nouns choice but did not use sentences with complete noun markers sufficiently. On the other hand, the non-Indonesian opinion article did not use more varieties of nouns choice but used more sentences with complete noun markers.

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vii ABSTRAK

Swastikasari, E. Putri. 2009. A Preliminary Study on the Common and Compound Nouns Used by the Indonesian and Non-Indonesian Writers in the Opinion Column of The Jakarta Post. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan. Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Penggunaan kata benda yang tepat dalam penulisan sebuah opini di suatu surat kabar umum dapat menghasilkan suatu pemahaman yang lebih baik bagi pembaca. Penggunaan kata benda yang tepat dalam opini akan membantu pembaca untuk memahami topik opini tersebut. Oleh karena itu, penulis artikel opini sebaiknya mampu memilih dan menggunakan kata benda yang sesuai berdasarkan topik sehingga opini tersebut dapat lebih dipahami.

Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk memberikan informasi tentang frekuensi, tipe, bentuk, dan penanda dari kata benda umum dan gabungan yang digunakan oleh seorang penulis Indonesia dan seorang penulis non-Indonesia di kolom Opini dalam The Jakarta Post dari bulan September-Oktober 2007.

Penelitian ini merupakan sebuah analisis dokumen yang menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif untuk menganalisa data. Alasan untuk menggunakan pedekatan kualitatif ini adalah bahwa data dianalisa dalam bentuk informasi deskripsi. Selain itu, data statistik deskriptif hanya digunakan untuk presentasi data.

Sumber data adalah dua artikel opini tentang Pemanasan Global di The Jakarta Post. Data adalah kata benda yang telah diseleksi dari dua artikel opini tersebut. Kata benda diseleksi berdasarkan Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. Frekuensi dari kata benda yang telah diseleksi yang didapat dari dalam artikel opini tersebut dibandingkan dengan Collins-Cobuild English Dictionary for Advanced Learners. Kemudian tipe, bentuk, dan penanda dari semua kata benda tersebut dianalisa berdasarkan teori-teori dari dua buku tentang tata bahasa. Hasil dari analisa tersebut adalah berupa deskripsi tentang frekuensi, tipe, bentuk, dan penanda dari kata benda umum dan gabungan yang digunakan oleh kedua penulis Indonesia dan penulis non-Indonesia sebagai kata benda yang tepat dalam artikel opini mereka.

Secara keseluruhan, penelitian ini memberi kesimpulan bahwa kedua penulis Indonesia dan penulis non-Indonesia menggunakan kata benda gabungan lebih banyak dalam artikel opini mereka tentang Pemanasan Global. Hal ini berarti kata benda gabungan dapat dianggap lebih banyak digunakan untuk artikel dengan topik ilmiah. Artikel opini Indonesia menggunakan lebih banyak variasi dalam pilihan kata benda tetapi tidak mempunyai cukup banyak kalimat-kalimat yang dilengkapi dengan penanda kata benda. Di sisi lain, artikel opini non-Indonesia tidak memiliki banyak variasi pilihan kata benda tetapi menggunakan lebih banyak kalimat-kalimat yang dilengkapi dengan penanda kata benda.

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A STUDY ON THE COMMON AND COMPOUND NOUNS USED BY THE INDONESIAN AND NON-INDONESIAN WRITERS

IN THE OPINION COLUMN OF THE JAKARTA POST

A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

E. Putri Swastikasari Student Number: 041214123

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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A STUDY ON THE COMMON AND COMPOUND NOUNS USED BY THE INDONESIAN AND NON-INDONESIAN WRITERS

IN THE OPINION COLUMN OF THE JAKARTA POST

A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

E. Putri Swastikasari Student Number: 041214123

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, 18 June 2009

The Writer

E. Putri Swastikasari 041214123

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:

Nama : E. Putri Swastikasari

Nomor Mahasiswa : 041214123

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

A STUDY ON THE COMMON AND COMPOUND NOUNS USED BY THE INDONESIAN AND NON-INDONESIAN WRITERS

IN THE OPINION COLUMN OF THE JAKARTA POST

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta,

Pada tanggal: 22 Juli 2009 Yang menyatakan

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vi ABSTRACT

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vii ABSTRAK

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viii

Around here, however,

we don’t look backwards for very long.

We keep moving forward,

opening up new doors and doing new things,

because we’re curious…

and curiosity keeps leading us down new paths.

(Walt Disney)

I dedicate this thesis to:

<

My beloved parents, Bapak A. Mulyono and Ibu Trining T.

<

My lovely grandma, Ibu Tugiyarti

<

My brothers and sister-in-law, Agung, Radhita, and Diana

<

My dearest partner, Yessiko Yolanda Dwipunopanen, S.T.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to address my first and greatest gratitude to Jesus Christ for His blessings to be my biggest strength in the weariness during the completion of this thesis. Without Him I might not keep on fighting in finishing this thesis.

I address my deepest gratefulness to Dr. Retno Muljani, M.Pd., as my major sponsor for her assistance in guiding me through many confusing process of this work. I would like to express my sincere appreciation for her patience to be the listener and advisor on my complaints and problems. I deeply thank her for the willingness to spare time in giving me precious criticism, advices, and many corrections on my work even during her busy days.

I would like also to extend my deepest thankfulness to all of PBI’s lecturers for all shared knowledge and intellectual experiences and secretary staff for openhandedly giving me their time in preparing all administration data.

I address my indisputable thanks to my father, A. Mulyono for giving a sincere love, patience, and support, and especially to my mother, V.C. Trining Tintri, S.Pd., M.Hum., who has been a tough, responsible, and inspirational woman that I ever have. I acknowledge profound gratitude for her hard works in paying my tuition fee and trust to make me achieve my degree on time. Genuine thank is also given to masAgung for his helps during the computation problems. My deep appreciation goes to masDhita, and his wife, mbak Diana, for keeping my spirit on with their warm and open-minded reception, encouraging me to have positive thinking and being my reason to keep moving forward.

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I am grateful to thank all friends in PBI for all great shared moments during my study. Special thanks are given to Mira, Dewi, and Hana for memorable friendship, MOSS group especially Festy and Kenyar, for giving such a combination of mutual friendship and partnership experiences. I also express my thankfulness to “Everyday is Sunday” crew, and respectable people in KBI for giving me such an experience about teamwork and working world.

I specially thank Yessiko Yolanda Dwipunopanen, S.T., for being the apple of my eye and the biggest motivation to finish this work sooner. I am indebted to have such a partner who has given me not only support, understanding, and encouragement but also quarrels and hesitancy. I thank him for making me struggle and believe that something difficult is not impossible to conquer. Without him, I might not have the strength to pass my difficult times.

I also thank my boarding house friends, mbak Nana “Cimot”, Intan “Chorz”, and Rintan “Jimhin”, to be my companions in my daily routine and shoulders to cry on. I shall always miss every chat and cheerful moment we have shared together.

Finally, I would like also to show my sincere appreciation and thankfulness to everyone who has been involved in my effort to finish my work. At last, I realize that this research still has many weaknesses. So, I will openly receive any suggestions and criticisms to improve this thesis. Hopefully, this research can be useful for all the readers who are involved in the educational field.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE ………. i

APPROVAL PAGES ……… ii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ……….. iv

ABSTRACT ……… vi

ABSTRAK ……… vii

DEDICATION PAGE ……… viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……….. ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………... xi

LIST OF TABLES ………. xiii

LIST OF FIGURE ……….……… xv

LIST OF APPENDICES ……… xvi

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Research Background ………. 1

B. Problem Formulation ………. 5

C. Problem Limitation ……… 5

D. Research Objectives ……… 6

E. Research Benefits ……….. 7

F. Definition of Terms ……… 8

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Theoretical Description ……….. 11

1. Nouns ……….………... 11

a. Types ………... 12

b. Forms ……….. 14

c. Markers ……… 15

2. Opinion Column in The Jakarta Post ……..……… 16

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xii

Page

4. Related Sources ……… 20

a. English Grammar Books ………. 20

b. Dictionaries ………. 21

B. Theoretical Framework ……….. 23

CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Research Method ……… 26

B. Research Sources of Data ………... 27

C. Research Instruments ………. 27

D. Data Gathering Technique ……….. 28

E. Data Analysis Technique ……… 29

F. Research Procedure ………. 31

CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION A. Data Presentation ……… 33

B. Data Analysis ……….. 53

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions ……… 66

B. Suggestions ………. 68

REFERENCES ……….. 70

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xiii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

2.1 Conceptual Framework ……….. 25

3.1 Table of Noun Frequency ……… 29

3.2 Table of Noun Type, Form, and Marker ……….. 29

4.1 The Frequency 1 Nouns used by the Indonesian Writer ………. 35

4.2 The Frequency 2, 3, 4, and ≥ 5 Nouns used by the Indonesian Writer 36

4.3 The Type, Form, and Marker of Frequency 1 Nouns used by the Indonesian Writer ……… 38

4.4 The Type, Form, and Marker of Frequency 2 Nouns used by the Indonesian Writer ………. 40

4.5 The Type, Form, and Marker of Frequency 3 Nouns used by the Indonesian Writer ………. 41

4.6 The Type, Form, and Marker of Frequency 4 Nouns used by the Indonesian Writer ………..……. 42

4.7 The Type, Form, and Marker of Frequency ≥5 Nouns used by the Indonesian Writer ………... 43

4.8 The Frequency 1 Nouns used by the non-Indonesian Writer ……….. 46

4.9 The Frequency 2, 3, 4, and ≥ 5 Nouns used by the non-Indonesian Writer ……….. 47

4.10 The Type, Form, and Marker of Frequency 1 Nouns used by the non-Indonesian Writer ……….….... 48

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xiv

Table Page 4.11 The Type, Form, and Marker of Frequency 2 Nouns used by the

non-Indonesian Writer ………..……….. 50

4.12 The Type, Form, and Marker of Frequency 3 Nouns used by the

non-Indonesian Writer ………..………. 51

4.13 The Type, Form, and Marker of Frequency 4 Nouns used by the

non-Indonesian Writer ………. 52

4.14 The Type, Form, and Marker of Frequency ≥5 Nouns used by the

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LIST OF FIGURE

Figure Page

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xvi

LIST OF APPENDICES

Page

Appendix 1 Permission Letter ………... 74

Appendix 2 Copy of the Two Opinion Articles as the Data Sources in the

Research ………. 75

Appendix 3 Copy of Collins-Cobuild English Dictionary Pages ……….. 84 Appendix 4 Copy of McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and

Technical Terms Pages ……….. 86

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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter is divided into six parts. The parts are the research background, problem formulation, problem limitation, research objectives, research benefits, and definition of terms.

A. Research Background

People use language to communicate and context is considered important in interpreting the language. People use language to convey meaning of their thought or opinion within a context. Therefore, it is important to study “how people use language within a context and why they use language in particular ways.” (McManis, et al., 1987: 197)

One way to express our opinions is through writing. To be good in writing one needs to master the ability to choose diction as stated by Memering and O’Hare (1982: 320) that “Searching for the right word, the one that is most specific for your meaning, is one mark of a skilled writer.” It can be said that a writer can be good in conveying his opinion in a particular topic if he can also choose the right words to use. Thus, the choice of the right words within a particular topic will also indicate whether a writer of newspapers is good in composing within a particular context or not.

In communication, there is a message being expressed and there are at least two parties involved. In oral communication, the speaker expresses his

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message to the listeners, while in written communication, the writer expresses his message to the readers. As the message sender, the speaker or the writer expresses his message with a particular meaning that has to be received by the listeners or the readers. In reality, sometimes, the listeners or the readers do not get the precise meaning of the message as the speaker or the writer meant to give. Generally, it can happen naturally in both oral and written communications.

The difference of those both modes of communication is the capacity of the message sender to meet the message receiver directly or not. In oral communication, the listeners can meet the speaker right away so that any unclear messages can be known and clarified right after being uttered. So, if the speaker knows that his message is not understood well by the listeners, he can directly recreate clearer or more understandable sentences until his listeners get the exact meaning of his message. Otherwise, the listeners can also ask the speaker directly about some unclear sentences.

In written communication, the readers will not have a chance to ask the writer of newspapers directly or face to face about unclear words or sentences. In the process of expressing his message, a writer of newspapers has a full authorization until it becomes a final composition. Then, the process of message receiving happens when anyone reads it. The process of writing and reading happens at different time and places. Thus, the writer of newspapers seldom knows whether his readers understand his message or not. In addition, the readers are also hard to have any chance to meet and ask the writer of newspapers about any unclear sentences unlike direct or oral communication.

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Any writer of newspapers who is aware of the limitation of his readers to meet him will be more careful in creating sentences so that readers can understand his message easily and correctly. A writer of newspapers realizes that his writing can be read by anyone with any intellectual background so the choice of words should be a priority for a writer of newspapers. Northern Star newspaper in its article entitled News Writing Tips states that one of the ten guidelines to clearer writing is to choose the precise use of word (www.star.niu.edu/nina/highschool/write). To choose the precise use of words for a composition, a writer of newspapers starts with a context, as stated by Northern Star that in the first five paragraphs, articles in newspapers should be started with context. Before writing anything, a writer of newspapers articles should know his point that leads the whole text. Context is one of common problems in leads that involves the reader, showed clear, immediate significance.” (www.star.niu.edu/nina/highschool/write.html)

A context helps the writer of newspapers to create a topic for his composition. Then, this topic will guide the writer of newspapers to choose the suitable words in order to make a comprehensive composition. Later, this composition must also suit with the message that the writer of newspapers wants to express. The importance of having precise use of words in a composition can indicate whether that composition is comprehensive or not. Moreover, the right words can also help the reader understand the message of the writer of newspapers in the correct meaning as intended by him.

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Before discussing the important points of the precise use of words in a composition, it is useful to consider the study on nouns. The study focuses on the significance of a noun as one of the parts of speech in relation with their role in a sentence. Thus, this study discusses especially on the importance of the precise use of nouns in a composition within a certain topic. Furthermore, the researcher also considered particular types of nouns, composition, and topic.

There are varieties of classification and categories of words into parts of speech. In particular, this study will begin with nouns as one of the parts of speech in English sentences. Even in both English simple and complex sentences, noun is considered to be one of the important parts of speech. Frank (1972: 6) states that “The noun is one of the most important parts of speech. In addition, it may function as the chief or “head” word in many structures of modification.” It is already stated that noun is important because its presence can create major role in sentence structures. Memering and O’Hare (1982: 320) also state that “Nouns can powerfully influence your writing.”, so nouns can also function as an essential indicator for a good writing.

Thus, it is necessary to carry out a study on the use of noun in a writing. However, the nouns to analyze need to be classified in order to limit the focus of the study. According to nouns classification by Curme (1947: 11-12), there are two main categories of nouns, common and compound nouns. In addition, these types are likely to be widely used and have a large amount of examples or diction lists that can be found in the studied texts.

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In short, this study aims to help English learners to give detailed interpretation on how an Indonesian writer and a non-Indonesian writer having precise use of nouns in their opinion articles within a similar particular context.

B. Problem Formulation

This study is intended to answer the following problems:

1. What is the frequency of the common and compound nouns used by the Indonesian and the non-Indonesian writers in the Opinion column of The Jakarta Post from September - October 2007?

2. What are the common and compound nouns types used by the Indonesian and the non-Indonesian writers in the Opinion column of The Jakarta Post from September - October 2007?

3. What are the forms of common and compound nouns used by the Indonesian and the non-Indonesian writers in the Opinion column of The Jakarta Post from September - October 2007?

4. What are the markers of common and compound nouns used by the Indonesian and the non-Indonesian writers in the Opinion column of The Jakarta Post from September - October 2007?

C. Problem Limitation

Due to limited time and budget, the researcher decided to limit the study on nouns only into two types, common and compound nouns. Common and

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compound nouns are considered to be the most commonly used in a composition (Frank, 1972: 6).

The nouns analyzed in this study are the nouns used in two opinion articles written by an Indonesian writer and a non-Indonesian writer. The nouns used by two different writers were compared and analyzed.

This research uses opinion articles of a newspaper as the source of data. The consideration is that they are considered as one’s original writing and published publicly. The researcher decided to take the opinion articles of The Jakarta Post because this daily newspaper is available for both Indonesian and non-Indonesian people.

Besides, the choice of the opinion article was also based on Global Warming topic. In order to get reliable opinion articles on Global Warming topic, the researcher decided to take them from the period before the Global Warming Convention in Bali which was held on December 2007. Considering the months that produced more opinion articles on Global Warming, the researcher decided to choose period September and October 2007.

D. Research Objectives

In accordance with the research problems formulated previously, the research objectives of the study are:

1. To provide information about the frequency of the common and compound nouns used by the Indonesian and the non-Indonesian writers in the Opinion column of The Jakarta Post from September - October 2007.

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2. To provide information about the common and compound nouns types used by the Indonesian and the non-Indonesian writers in the Opinion column of The Jakarta Post from September - October 2007.

3. To provide information about the forms of common and compound nouns used by the Indonesian and the non-Indonesian writers in the Opinion column of The Jakarta Post from September - October 2007.

4. To provide information about the markers of common and compound nouns used by the Indonesian and the non-Indonesian writers in the Opinion column of The Jakarta Post from September - October 2007.

E. Research Benefits

This study can be viewed as a basic research on nouns. This study focuses on two types of nouns, particularly common and compound nouns, that are used in the opinion articles written in a newspaper.

This study is expected to provide beneficial information for people in improving their written English. The study tries to help people to realize the importance of the precise use of nouns in a written work. Hopefully, this study can help English writers, English teachers, and other English researchers.

The benefit of this study for English writers is to provide useful representation of the use the nouns in a newspaper’s opinion articles within a particular scientific topic like Global Warming. Therefore, this study can raise the writers’ awareness to choose and have the precise use of nouns more carefully in their opinion articles.

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The study is also intended to help English teachers in better view of the importance of deciding the appropriate nouns in relevance with the context when their students write an opinion. So, the teachers can explain better about the word choice especially nouns and minimize their students’ confusion.

Meanwhile, for future researchers, this study of common and compound nouns will give a description and explanation of the analysis about nouns. This description, then, can probably become a reference and encourage them to conduct more thorough research of the similar topic.

F. Definition of Terms

In order to avoid ambiguity, the researcher explains the terms which will be used throughout the study:

1. Common Noun

As suggested by Curme (1947: 11), “a common noun is a name that can be applied to any one of a class of living beings or lifeless things.” In this study, a common noun is defined as any noun that is not representing unique entities and consists of only one single word in the opinion articles. The examples of common nouns are climate, air, and technologies.

2. Compound Noun

According to Frank (1972: 7), the term compound refers to a group of words. Meanwhile, a compound noun in this research means any noun found in the opinion articles that consists of two or more words (either noun or not) joined together into one lexical unit, either with or without a hyphen. The words like

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power plants, global warming and farmland are included in this noun type. In addition, terms number 1 and 2 belong to the types of nouns.

3. Opinion Column in The Jakarta Post

Opinion column in newspaper is a “particular section of the newspaper for columns, illustrations, and letters that express opinion, clearly separating factual reporting from these less objective features.” (www.learnnc.org/lp/pages/4184) Moreover, an opinion column in this study refers to a column that consists of pages provided by The Jakarta Post’s editor for editors themselves and readers to express their personal opinions about some popular issues or news.

4. Frequency

The definition of frequency according to the internet article is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency) Frequency in this study refers to the number of occurrences of nouns on the opinions and on the dictionary.

5. Type

This word can be defined as a class or group of things that have characteristics in common (Hornby, 1995: 1290). In this study, type means the classification of nouns that shares similar characteristics. The examples of noun type are common, compound, proper, collective, abstract, concrete, countable, and uncountable.

6. Form

According to Hornby (1995: 463), form is the particular way in which something appears. Meanwhile, in this study, form can be meant as how the

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appearance of the nouns in the sentences. The samples of the form in this study are singular and plural.

7. Marker

Marker can be defined as a structure word that signals the part of speech of a word following it (Frank, 1972: 18). In this study, marker means a word, position or function that indicates whether a word is noun or not. The examples of word marker are all determiners and prepositions. Meanwhile, markers based on position are placed before verb phrase, after the subject and the verb phrase, after the subject, after the verb phrase, and after the object. Besides, markers based on function are as a subject, an object, a subject complement, an object complement, and a complement. In order to simplify the definitions, as suggested by Frank (1972: xvi) through her term “structural characteristics”, in this study the terms number 4, 5, 6, and 7 are labelled structural features

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11 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of two parts, namely, theoretical description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description discusses the related literature used in this study. The theoretical framework presents the main theories applied in conducting this study.

A. Theoretical Description

The theoretical description discusses, firstly, theories of nouns which are related to noun types, forms, and markers. Secondly, it discusses the opinion column in The Jakarta Post. Thirdly, it discusses Global Warming topic. Fourthly, it discusses some related sources which are two English grammar books and two dictionaries.

1. Nouns

Noun can be considered as one of the most important part of speech, because it is most widely used in a sentence and considered as the main word of a sentence. As defined by Frank (1972: 6): “… it may function as the chief or “head” word in many structures of modification.”

According to Frank (1972: 6-19), the explanation about nouns is divided into five main topics. They are types, function, position, form, and markers of nouns.

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Meanwhile, Curme (1947: 11-13) suggests the definition and classification of nouns involving common, proper nouns, compound and derivative nouns.

a. Types

This section discusses the classification, the definition, and the examples of nouns types as suggested by Frank and Curme.

As suggested by Frank (1972: 6-19), nouns types are classified into two kinds. They are meaning-based and form-based classifications. Meaning-based classification consists of four noun types. They are proper nouns, concrete or abstract nouns, countable or noncountable nouns, and collective nouns. Meanwhile form-based classification consists of one noun type, noun compounds.

Meanwhile, the classification of nouns types according to Curme (1947: 11-13) consists of two main types, which are common and proper nouns. Here, common nouns involve formless mass nouns, collective nouns, abstract nouns, and concrete nouns. Compound nouns are not classified as the nouns types but as one of the nouns forms.

The similarities on two English grammar books by Frank and Curme are that common nouns involve all other nouns types except proper nouns and that compounds nouns are treated as a form-based noun type.

The definition of common nouns based on Frank (1972: 6) is “all other nouns” that are not classified as proper nouns. Meanwhile, Curme (1947: 11) suggests the definition of common nouns as a name that can be applied to any one of a class of living beings or lifeless things.

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Meanwhile, the term compound nouns in accordance with Frank’s book (1972: 7) means “a group of words” (two or more) which “are joined together into one vocabulary unit that functions as a single part of speech. Likewise, Curme (1947: 12) defines compound nouns as “a group of two or more nouns that often forms a unit, a compound” in the case of both common and proper nouns.

Based on Frank (1972: 6-7), the definition of a concrete noun is “a word for a physical object that can be perceived by the senses”, while an abstract noun is “ a word for a concept”. Frank also defines a countable noun as a word that can be pluralized by the adding of -s, while a noncountable noun as a word that is not used in plural. Moreover, as suggested by Frank, a collective noun means “a word for a group of people, animals or objects considered as a single unit.

The examples of common nouns are finger, climate, book. In addition, according to Quirk et al. (1972: 1019), orthographically, compound nouns can be written in the solid form (e.g. sidewalk), hyphenated (e.g. man-made), or open form (e.g. teaching aid). Meanwhile, concrete nouns are words like pencil, ruler and abstract nouns are words like love, truth, faith. The samples of countable nouns are books, pencils, rulers and the sample of noncountable nouns are tea, steel. Furthermore, examples of collective nouns are government, environment, majority, faculty, enemy.

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b. Forms

This section consists of the three main classifications of nouns forms based on Frank and Curme. The classification of nouns forms are inflectional, plural inflectional, possessive inflectional, and derivational nouns.

1) Inflectional

Based on Frank (1972: 12), nouns in many European languages may be inflected, that is, changed in form, for certain grammatical properties. Usually these changes are created through particular endings. Inflectional forms of nouns may show gender (e.g. maid-maiden, brother-sister), case (e.g. The teacher sits. The teachers sit.), and number (e.g. potato-potatoes, wife-wives).

2) Plural Inflectional

Frank (1972: 13) states that the general rule for writing the plural of English nouns can be done by simply adding -s to the singular form (e.g. girl-girls, grape-grapes).

3) Possessive Inflectional

Meanwhile, a singular noun can be changed to possessive form by the adding of -s (e.g. one girl's mother).

4) Derivational Nouns

Frank (1972: 15) assures that only nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs have derivational forms. These forms may express some degree of lexical meaning, or they may be little more than part-of-speech indicators.

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Besides, Curme (1947: 12) suggests that derivative nouns are similar to compound nouns in which they are formed by adding an adjective to a common or proper noun or a suffix to a verb. The suffixes are –ness, ship, -dom, -th, -er, -ing, -ess and also other endings such as –kin, -ling, -ette, -lett, -ie, -y. The examples of the nouns are relationship, warmth, heiress, kitchenette.

c. Markers

As explained by Frank (1972: 18-19), a marker is a structure word that signals the part of speech of a word following it. There are two markers that can be used to identify whether a word is a noun or not. The markers are determiners and prepositions.

1) Determiners

Frank states that there are five kinds of determiners. The determiners are articles that are divided into indefinite articles -a, -an (e.g. a pen, an employer) and definite articles the (e.g. the Earth), possessive a) (e.g. my lecturer, Mary's book), demonstratives (e.g. this research, those books), numbers (e.g. six representatives, the seventh convention), words of indefinite quantity a) (e.g. some farmers, more forests).

2) Prepositions

The examples of prepositions are in, from, to, out, of, on behalf of, at, after (e.g. in Bali, after the meeting).

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In addition, Frank also writes that descriptive adjectives may indicate the nouns that follow them (e.g. the beautiful dress, a long composition).

According to Close (1975: 107), typical nouns endings can also indicate a noun. They are er, or, ar, ant, ist, age, al, ance, ery, ment, sion, tion, -ure, -ence, -ity, -ness, and -th.

In addition, Quirk et al. (1972: 348) states that noun as a subject “occurs before the verb phrase in declarative clauses and after the operator in question clauses”. Noun as an object is usually place after the subject and the verb phrase, while noun as a complement written after the subject, verb phrase, and object.

2. Opinion Column in The Jakarta Post

MacDougal (1966: 16-18) wrote that “opinions are what we ‘think’ is true.” It can be said that every thought can develop into an opinion. In hence, someone can understand others’ by their idea that is developed onto utterances in an opinion. It is supported by MacDougal (1966: 20) that wrote “All rational thinking do not by any means come to the same conclusions, so opinions and public opinions will differ.” It indicates that even opinion from one person can be different with another, so it can also be different among public community.

Public opinion can be described as the expression on a controversial point within an interest group (MacDougal, 1966: 25). He also stated that it can be meant as social consciousness. Public opinion should be functioned as a state of opinion within a public on certain issues or matters when there are differences as well as agreements (MacDougal, 1966: 26).

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So, public opinion is related with people whom each of them is capable to express their idea by developing an opinion. And while MacDougal (1966: 29) claimed that “human understanding depends on the free flow, throughout the planet, of movies, radio, and the printed word.”, the researcher may say that opinions can be expressed through written media that are available to everyone publicly. In further, newspapers are the valuable example medium of expressing opinions.

Opinion as a free expression of thought by someone can be either different or even similar with each other. The variety of opinion can surely depend on certain issue that becomes controversy among a community. When the issue influences many communities or even all around the world, the opinion may also become so varied. It is also supported by MacDougal’s book, Understanding Public Opinion, which states “Something becomes a matter of public opinion when it is a subject of popular concern or controversy. If it relates to matters not of public concern, it is private, not public, opinion.” (MacDougal, 1966: 26) In relation with that quotation, any writer who intentionally corresponds his opinion to a newspaper, actually, publicizes his own opinion to all readers. Here, his opinion can be implied as a public opinion.

Habits and attitudes of someone itself can create opinion in his own mind. In addition, as a member of a group in social community, he also needs to react to every new experience, so that he can develop the right attitude and opinion. It is related with MacDougal’s explanation on how new ideas or discoveries in one subject can influence thought and action in other subject and realize that “nothing ‘just happens’.” (MacDougal, 1966: 25)

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The discussion on opinion as a public article published in a newspaper is, then, compared with the other articles in that newspaper. The characteristic of opinion compared with other articles lies on the authority of the real writer to defend his authenticity of a text or composition. It means the more edited an opinion will be less authentic that opinion is. In journalism point of view, newspaper has right and obligation to report news for public. For such social phenomena, differences of opinion, of course, exist (MacDougal, 1966: vii). Therefore, a newspaperman or journalist cannot be expected to determine with absolute certainty whose analysis is correct. That is because an opinion page or rubric in the newspaper is needed and set to accommodate information that may come from anyone who desires to urge others to take an action with his personal reflection or opinion. So, opinion is not an action yet, but rather on supplying such personal understanding of a phenomenon as the first step to realistic approach to find the solution.

So, opinion column in a newspaper is provided by the editorial to be the place for anyone including the editor to share their opinion about some hot issues. It is also suggested that “Newspapers often have an editorial section that features the opinions of editors and, frequently in the same section of the newspaper, an Op-Ed page that features other opinions.” (www.learnnc.org/lp/pages/4184)

To summarize, there is wide range of possibility for a man to manage his or her intelligence to create an opinion. An opinion can easily made by having a thought of something happens. In consequent, someone has the freedom or even responsibility to express this thought or opinion to others, especially when it is related with a controversial issue for whom it may concern and need to take an active

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participation or action. One way one can express his opinion is through corresponding in opinion column in a newspaper. This opinion as a personal reflection, then, can function as persuasive action from someone to others to make the next action towards social phenomena being discussed.

3. Global Warming Topic

Topic is very important for the researcher in relation with the selection of opinions. Global Warming is strongly considered as one of the actual and factual issue that is still happening until the completion of this study. In fact, it also has become not only controversial subject but also full of responsibility concern for all people in the world.

In accordance with Global Warming topic, it can be defined as “an increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes).” (www.wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn) It is also important to define the definition of greenhouse effect that causes global warming. According to McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms (2003), greenhouse effect is “the effect created by the earth’s atmosphere in trapping heat from the sun; the atmosphere acts like a greenhouse.” So, it can be concluded that global warming is the raising of temperature or heat on earth that is caused by the effect of the trapped sun heat inside the earth’s atmosphere.

In deciding Global Warming topic towards an opinion articles, the researcher investigates some criteria that are usually also written along with the opinion articles. They are title, writer’s name, origin or country, educational background, profession.

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4. Related Sources

In order to generate a valid and reliable analysis of noun, the researcher uses two kinds of requisite references. The description will be on the source of English usage inside the books or dictionaries, the publication time, the content of them in relevance with the information needed for this research, and the organization of the contents to help the researcher find the valuable information easier.

a. English Grammar books

1) Modern English: A Practical Reference Guide written by Marcella Frank and published by Prentice-Hall, Inc.

This book is the main guide for the researcher to analyze the type, form, and marker of nouns that are found in the opinion articles. There are some considerations in deciding whether this book is qualified or not. Firstly, this book is the product of a long period of research in modern and traditional English grammar, current English usage, and general linguistics. Secondly, the concentration of this reference book is on grammatical usages that have been presented in the simplest possible order -- parts of speech, clauses, and verbal constructions. Thirdly, this book provides description of each part of speech with all the structural characteristics that can be observed as a word patterns in a sentence such as function, position, form, and the markers that signal a part of speech (Frank, 1972: xv-xvi).

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2) English Grammar written by George E. Curme and published by Barnes & Noble, Inc.

This second grammar book is used to complete the classification of nouns. With the description of present usage and older usage of English, this book is considered to widely read and studied. The organization of content is more systematic and comprehensible than others. So, the researcher can understand the content easier. The description of nouns in this book involves the definition and classification of nouns. Besides, it also describes compound and derivative nouns in separate category.

b. Dictionaries

1) McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, written by Mark D. Licker, et al and published by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

As suggested by its title, this dictionary contains vocabularies on scientific and technical terms. Meanwhile, Global Warming topic is considered to be related with technical term. Therefore, this dictionary is supposed to determine the right nouns that have relevancy with Global Warming topic. This dictionary is very important for the researcher to limit the choice of nouns to study.

The researcher suggests this dictionary because each definition of word entry is identified by its field of use. In addition, there are scope of field page which consists of 104 fields, ranging from general categorizations such as astronomy [ASTRON] and physics [PHYS] to specialized ones such as engineering acoustics [ENG ACOUS] and naval architecture [NAV ARCH]

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(Licker, 2003: vii) So, as non-specialist reader, the researcher can easily choose the nouns by observing the fields that are related closely with Global Warming topic.

2) Collins-Cobuild English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, written by John Sinclair, et al and published by HarperCollins Publishers.

The second dictionary is also important to compare the frequency of the nouns found in the opinion articles and in the dictionary. This dictionary is based on a corpus, the Bank of English, which now contains around 400 million of words of English, most of which were spoken or written in the 1990s (Sinclair, 2001: ix). The more important thing is that besides providing information on definition, typical examples, pronunciation, grammar, semantics, and pragmatics, it also gives information on frequency to complete the entry.

In addition, COBUILD was the first dictionary to give information about the frequency of the headwords by using a banding system. There are five frequency bands in which the most frequent words have five black diamonds, the next most frequent have four, and so on. Words which appear less frequently, but which still deserve an entry in the dictionary, do not have any black diamonds. The words in the five frequency bands are very important to learners because they make 95% of all spoken and written English (Sinclair, 2001: x|ii).

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According to Sinclair (2001: x|ii), there are some explanation on these 5 frequency bands. The complete explanations are restated as follows: a) 5 bands : Many of the words in 5 bands are the common grammar

words and very frequent vocabulary items. There are approximately 680 words in this band.

b) 4 bands : There are about 1040 words in this band.

The words in those two bands account for about 75% of all English usage. Therefore, their significance is apparent.

c) 3 bands : This band consists of approximately 1580 words. By knowing the words in this band can widen the range of topics which we can talk about.

d) 2 bands : This band includes more advanced vocabulary and there are about 3200 words in this band.

e) 1 band : There are around 8100 words in this band.

The last two bands contain words which we are likely to see less frequently than words in other bands, but which are still important.

B. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Writing is a powerful tool for communication. A composition can be written by anyone and read by any other people. Before writing, a writer usually begins with any concern about a popular issue or topic. The writer usually includes some persuasive purposes in his writing. In order to make a persuasive writing, the writer must understand that his words should also be powerful enough to encourage the

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readers. Thus, the writer should have precise use of words in order to have a good writing.

The study of precise use of words should begin with a study on parts of words, namely parts of speech. The study will be better started with the study of noun as one of the important parts of speech. Moreover, the researcher considers this study as the first study of common and compound nouns particularly in the opinion column of The Jakarta Post daily newspaper discussing the Global Warming topic. The opinion column is considered to be an appropriate public forum for any writer to express their persuasive writings about a popular topic.

In order to answer the first research problem, the researcher will use McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms (2003) to be the source to select the particular nouns based on the Global Warming topic. Then, to discover the frequency of the selected nouns, the researcher will implement the theories of frequency based on Collins-Cobuild English Dictionary for Advanced Learners (2001). The classifications of the frequencies used in this study are based on the theories of frequency bands in the dictionary.

Afterwards, the researcher will apply the theories of nouns types in the two grammar books by Frank (1972) and Curme (1947) in order to address the second research problem. The theories of nouns types are about the classification and definition of nouns types namely common and compound nouns.

Then, the researcher will address the third problem by using the theories of nouns forms also by Frank (1972) and Curme (1947). In this study, the researcher

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will only use the terms of nouns forms from the theories of plural inflectional noun form. The terms of nouns forms used in this study are singular and plural forms.

To answer the fourth problem of this study, the researcher will implement the theories of nouns markers by Frank (1972), Close (1975), and Quirk et al. (1972). In this study, the theories of nouns markers are based on the following indicators, determiners, prepositions, positions, and functions. The positions that mark the nouns are before verb phrase, after the subject and the verb phrase, after the subject, after the verb phrase, and after the object. Besides, the functions that can mark the nouns are as a subject, an object, a subject complement, an object complement, and a complement.

Table 2.1 will help to understand the theoretical framework easier.

Table 2.1 Conceptual Framework

References Theories Research Problem

McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms (2003)

Vocabulary reference of scientific nouns according to Global Warming topic

1 Collins-Cobuild English

Dictionary for Advanced Learners (2001)

Frequency of selected common and compound nouns

1 The classification of nouns

according to their types 2 Curme

(1947) The classification of nouns

according to their forms 3 Close

(1975) Frank

(1972)

Quirk et al. (1972)

The classification of nouns

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26 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the researcher presents the research methodology to answer the problems formulated in Chapter 1. This chapter discusses six sections. They are the research method, research sources of data, research instruments, data gathering technique, data analysis technique, and research procedure.

A. Research Method

This study is classified as a document analysis and was conducted by using qualitative approach. According to Fraenkel and Wallen (1993: 380), document analysis is carried out to obtain an in-depth look at a particular set of materials. In this study, the document analysis was conducted by analysing the data taken from the opinion articles of a newspaper.

Meanwhile, Fraenkel and Wallen (1993: 380-381) state that in qualitative research, there is preference for holistic description of complex phenomena and unwillingness to interfere with naturally occurring phenomena. The descriptive data are not manipulated and the process of obtaining and observing the data are the product of the research. Therefore, in this study, the data analysis was obtained by conducting deep observation on the opinion articles to gain the deep description or interpretation of the whole natural findings from the process to the result of the analysis.

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Otherwise, descriptive statistical data were only used for the data presentation. In this study, the statistic data were the frequency of the nouns and presented in the data presentation. This frequency was being described into descriptive data in the data analysis.

B. Research Sources of Data

C. Research Instruments

According to Moleong (2006: 9), in qualitative research, the researcher is considered to be the main instrument to analyze to data. The researcher as an instrument is expected to have more capabilities to understand the correlation of her data with its influence in the reality.

Furthermore, in qualitative research the process of analyzing the data is more important than the result (Moleong, 2006: 11). It means that the researcher will understand clearer the correlation of elements in the research during the process of analyzing the data rather than only from the result.

As also suggested by Wiersma (1995: 218), qualitative research is “researcher-dependent” and the researcher is the instrument for the data collection. It means that during all the process of data collection, the researcher

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makes decisions about what data to collect, whom to interview, and so on. In other words, the researcher’s perspectives are influential for the whole data interpretation.

The researcher as an instrument involved in the process of collecting the data by conducting the selection of the nouns from the two opinion articles. The list of all selected nouns of each opinion column was first being checked of its occurrence in McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. All the checked nouns were calculated of its frequency in each opinion article and contrasted with the frequency in the Collins-Cobuild English Dictionary for Advanced Learners.

Moreover, there were instruments to analyze the data. They were two types of tables used in the data presentation. The first type of table presented the frequency of the selected nouns, while the second type of table presented the types, forms, and markers of the selected nouns. In the table of frequency, there were three categories of frequency. They were Low (1-2 appearance), Medium (3-4 appearance), and High Frequency (≥5 appearance).

D. Data Gathering Technique

The data used in this study were the selected nouns taken from the two opinion articles. As derived from Wiersma (1995: 215), this study was conducted by using the document collection technique to gather the data. In this study, this technique was conducted through five main steps. They were conducting library research on opinion column of the newspaper, collecting the opinion articles,

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analysing the opinion articles, collecting the proper sources of data in from the library, and collecting the selected nouns.

E. Data Analysis Technique

The gathered data were the selected nouns. These selected nouns were presented in two types of tables. These two types of tables were derived from Frank’s theories on nouns classification which consist of nouns types, nouns forms, and nouns markers.

Table 3.1 was used to calculate the frequency of nouns in the opinion articles and in the dictionary. Meanwhile, Table 3.2 was used to present the type, form, and marker of nouns.

Table 3.1 Table of Noun Frequency

No. Word Frequency in

Dictionary

Table 3.2 Table of Noun Type, Form, and Marker

No. Word Type Form Marker

Then, the researcher conducted the next step of the data analysis which was elaborating a detailed description on every writer characteristic in developing an opinion article. As suggested by Fraenkel and Wallen (1993: 383) that

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analyzing the data essentially involves synthesizing the information that the researcher obtains from the document analysis into a coherent description of what has observed or discovered.

In this study, there were two opinion articles written by two different writers. For each article, the frequency of a noun in the opinion articles was compared with the frequency in the dictionary. The type, form, and marker of this noun were classified based on the theories of nouns by Frank (1972) and Curme (1947).

Then, the analysis of noun frequency, type, form, and marker in every opinion article was compared each other. The result of the analysis was the result of the comparison of noun frequency, type, form, and marker between those two opinion articles.

For example, the noun ‘global warming’ was used by both Indonesian and non-Indonesian writers. The Indonesian writer used this noun in low frequency while the non-Indonesian writer used in medium frequency. To be compared in the dictionary, this noun was having low frequency band that meant this noun was not considered as a familiarly used noun. By this frequency comparison, it meant that the non-Indonesian writer considered ‘global warming’ to be more frequently written in his opinion article than the Indonesian writer did although it is included as an unfamiliarly used noun in the dictionary. Thus, the researcher can imply ‘global warming’ as the important noun, the noun that was used in the opinion article but had low frequency band in the dictionary. Then, the type, form, and marker of this noun were classified. Later on, the analysis on this noun could be

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compiled with the analysis on the other nouns to be elaborated into detailed information.

Overall, the result of classification, calculation, comparison, and determination of nouns, then, was elaborated in a systematic explanation on the nouns classification which consisted of nouns types, forms, and markers used by the Indonesian and non-Indonesian writers.

F. Research Procedure

There were seven main steps to be conducted in this research. They were: 1. Searching The Jakarta Post newspapers (September 2007-October 2007)

The searching was conducted in two ways. They were searching for the printed newspapers and for the online newspapers. The purpose was to find any opinion articles entitled or related to Global Warming topic.

2. Collecting opinion articles about Global Warming

Since The Jakarta Post is a daily newspaper, opinion articles are also issued every day. So, the researcher really took deep selection in order to collect the opinion articles that really consisted of Global Warming idea. 3. Identifying and classifying the origin or nationality of the writers and the

publication date of the article

The opinion articles, then, were identified and classified by the author or the writer into two main classes which were Indonesian and Non-Indonesian writers and by the publication date which were September and October 2007.

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4. Selecting 1 Indonesian writer and 1 Non-Indonesian opinion articles

After selecting the opinion articles based on the topic, writer’s nationality and publication date, then, the researcher could decide to choose two appropriate opinion articles for this study.

5. Conducting the analysis on the two opinion articles

The analysis consisted of calculating the frequency, comparing it with the dictionary and between two opinion articles, examining the structural features (type, form, and marker) of nouns, and elaborating the description of the data presentation into the nouns classification which consisted of nouns types, forms, and markers used by the Indonesian and non-Indonesian writers.

In general, this five-step procedure could be represented by the Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1 The Five-Step Research Procedure

Opinion column of

The Jakarta Post

1 Indonesian and 1 non-Indonesian opinion articles

Analysis of the Data Global Warming

topic

Writer’s Origin

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33 CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter is divided into two main parts namely data presentation and data analysis.

A. DATA PRESENTATION

In this study, the sources of data are the two opinion articles about Global warming taken from The Jakarta Post daily newspapers issued in September and October 2007. Meanwhile, the data are the selected nouns taken from those two opinion articles.

The data presentation consists of tables that represent the frequency, type, form, and marker of the selected nouns used by both the Indonesian writer and the non-Indonesian writer in their opinion articles. There are two types of tables. The first type of table represents the frequency of nouns in each opinion article and in the comparison with the dictionary. The second type of table represents the type, form, and marker of each opinion article.

The tables of frequency are divided into three groups. They are groups of low, medium, and high frequency. The low frequency group is intended for nouns which are used once (Frequency 1) or twice (Frequency 2). Nouns which are used three (Frequency 3) or four (Frequency 4) times belong to the medium frequency group. The high frequency group is intended for nouns that are used five times and more (Frequency ≥ 5).

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Since the nouns in Frequency 1 have bigger quantity than the nouns in the other frequencies, they are represented in a separate table. Consequently, the nouns in Frequency 2 are presented in one same table with the Medium and High Frequency group.

Along with the frequency table, there is a column which indicated the frequency band based on the dictionary. There are five frequency bands based on the dictionary. In addition, there are two distinctive marks to indicate nouns with specific frequency in dictionary. Nouns with ‘x’ mark mean that they have no frequency band, but still deserve an entry in the dictionary. Meanwhile, nouns with ‘NO’ mark mean no such noun listed in the dictionary.

Data from the Indonesian writer is presented in the first section and the Non-Indonesian writer is in the second section. In addition, all of the nouns are presented in an alphabetical order so that they can be analyzed easily.

There is a difference in the length of the two opinion articles. The Indonesian writer’s opinion article has a longer text with total number of 939 words while non-Indonesian writer’s opinion article has a text with total number of 790 words. There are 149 words fewer in non-Indonesian opinion article. From that 149-fewer-word, the researcher found 29 chosen nouns in the Indonesian opinion article and 23 chosen nouns in the non-Indonesian opinion article.

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1. Indonesian Writer

The title of the opinion article : “RI Farmers Can Join Fight against Climate Change” | October 22, 2007 by Tomohide Sugino.

a. Frequency

From 29 total nouns found in the Indonesian opinion article, there are 24 nouns having Low Frequency, 4 nouns having Medium Frequency, and 1 noun having High Frequency.

Table 4.1 The Frequency 1 Nouns used by the Indonesian Writer No. Noun Frequency

in Dictionary

1 afforestation x

2 air 5

3 climate 3

4 conservation 2

5 ecosystem 1

6 ecosystems 1

7 erosion 1

8 global warming 2

9 lands 5

10 photosynthesis x

11 plant 5

12 plants 5

13 power plants 1

14 reforestation x

15 sciences 4

16 technologies 4

17 water 5

The table shows 17 nouns with one-time appearance used in the opinion article by the Indonesian writer. There are three nouns that do not get any frequency band in the dictionary. They are afforestation, reforestation, and photosynthesis. From the table, there are four nouns that have a drastically

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different frequency. In contrast with the frequency in the opinion article which supposed to have the low frequency, they get even the highest frequency in the dictionary. They are air, lands, plant, plants, and water. Meanwhile, nouns such as sciences and technologies are also considered important in the dictionary with four bands. There is only climate that deserves three-band in the dictionary. The last two bands, two and one-band, are for conservation, ecosystem, ecosystems, erosion, global warming, and power plants.

There are also other nouns found having Low Frequency. They are presented in the table along with Medium and High Frequency nouns.

Table 4.2 The Frequency 2, 3, 4, and ≥ 5 Nouns used by the Indonesian Writer Low Freq. (Freq. 2) Medium Freq. (Freq. 3-4) High Freq. (≥ 5) No. Noun Frequency in Dictionary Noun / Freq. in Opinion articles Frequency in Dictionary Noun / Freq. in Opinion articles Frequency in Dictionary 1 atmosphere

3 CO2 / 4 2 carbon /

34 3

2 biomass NO climate change / 3 NO

3 forest 3 emission

/ 3

4 forests 3 farmland

/ 3

5 land 5

6 nitrogen 1

7 trees 4

As confirmed in the dictionary there are two nouns that could not be found in the entries. They are biomass and climate change. From Table 4.2, it

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can be seen that only one noun that deserved five-band in the dictionary. This band is for land. Meanwhile, the noun with frequency two in the opinion article, trees, deserves to get four bands. Surprisingly, most of the other nouns just get three-band such as atmosphere, forest, forests, while carbon has very high frequency in the opinion article with 34 occurrences. Moreover, nouns which have low frequency in the dictionary are nitrogen, CO2, emission, and farmland.

From Table 4.1 and Table 4.2, it can be concluded that nouns with ‘NO’ and ‘x’ mark or less than three-band in the dictionary are considered important. It is because such nouns like afforestation, biomass, climate change, CO2, emission, conservation, ecosystem, ecosystems, erosion, farmland, global warming, nitrogen, photosynthesis, power plants, and reforestation can be considered to be the specific terms related to Global Warming that are used by the Indonesian writer.

These nouns have low frequency band in the dictionary so they are considered not familiar or not usually used in the common texts. However, the Indonesian writer used these nouns in his opinion article about Global Warming. In other words, the Indonesian writer took into consideration on these nouns to be the frequently used in the opinion article about Global Warming. The Indonesian writer used these nouns.

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b. Type, Form, and Marker

From total 29 nouns in Indonesian opinion article, there are 18 common nouns, 6 compound nouns, and 5 collective nouns.

Table 4.3 The Type, Form, and Marker of Frequency 1 Nouns used by the Indonesian Writer

No. Noun Type Form Marker

common abstract 1 afforestation

uncountable

singular before the verb (as a subject) common

abstract 2 air

uncountable

singular determiner (the)

common abstract 3 climate

uncountable

singular after the verb phrase (as a complement) common

abstract 4 conservation

uncountable

singular determiner (neither)

collective abstract 5 ecosystem

countable

singular determiner (the)

collective abstract 6 ecosystems

countable

plural preposition (of)

common abstract 7 erosion

uncountable

singular after the object (as an object complement) compound

abstract

8 global warming

uncountable

singular after the object (as an object complement) common

concrete 9 lands

countable

plural determiner (the)

compound abstract 10 photosynthesis

uncountable

singular preposition (through)

common concrete 11 plant

countable

singular preposition (of)

common concrete 12 plants

countable

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No. Noun Type Form Marker compound

concrete 13 power plants

countable

plural preposition (from)

common abstract 14 reforestation

uncountable

singular before the verb (as a subject) common

abstract 15 sciences

countable

plural preposition (for)

common abstract 16 technologies

countable

plural preposition (with)

common concrete 17 water

uncountable

singular preposition (of)

Table 4.3 shows, from 17 nouns in Frequency 1, there are 12 common nouns, 3 compound nouns, and 2 collective nouns. The common nouns are afforestation, air, climate, conservation, erosion, lands, plant, plants, reforestation, sciences, technologies, and water. The compound nouns are global warming, photosynthesis, and power plants. The collective nouns are ecosystem and ecosystems. Meanwhile, from the form, there are 12 singular nouns and 5 plural nouns. Furthermore, from the marker, the researcher found 2 kinds of determiner (the and neither), 5 kinds of preposition (of, through, from, for, and with), nouns positioned before verb (as a subject), after verb phrase (as a complement), and after object (as an object complement).

(59)

Table 4.4 The Type, Form, and Marker of Frequency 2 Nouns used by the Indonesian Writer

No. Noun Type Form Marker

common abstract 1 atmosphere

uncountable

singular determiner (the)

common abstract 2 atmosphere

uncountable

singular determiner (the)

collective abstract 3 biomass

uncountable

singular determiner (the)

collective abstract 4 biomass

uncountable

singular determiner (the)

collective abstract 5 forest

countable

singular after the subject and the verb phrase (as an object) collective

abstract 6 forest

countable

singular determiner (neither)

collective abstract 7 forests

countable

plural before the verb (as a subject) collective

abstract 8 forests

countable

plural determiner (the)

common concrete 9 land

uncountable

singular after the subject and the verb phrase (as an object) common

concrete 10 land

uncountable

singular preposition (of)

common abstract 11 nitrogen

uncountable

singular determiner (the)

common abstract 12 nitrogen

uncountable

singular preposition (of)

common concrete 13 trees

countable

plural determiner (the)

common concrete 14 trees

countable

plural after the object (as an object complement)

(60)

Table 4.4 shows 7 nouns that occur twice in the opinion article so there are 14 total nouns analyzed based on different sentences. Most of them have similarities in type and form, but not in the marker. From those 7 nouns, there are 4 common nouns (atmosphere, land, nitrogen, and trees), 3 collective nouns (biomass, forest, and forests), and no compound noun. 5 nouns are considered singular and 2 nouns are plural. Otherwise, from 14 nouns, there is no new determiner or preposition found in Table 4.4. Moreover, there are nouns positioned after verb (as an object).

Table 4.5 The Type, Form, and Marker of Frequency 3 Nouns used by the Indonesian Writer

No. Noun Type Form Marker

compound abstract 1 climate change

uncountable

singular preposition (to)

compound abstract 2 climate change

uncountable

singular after the verb phrase (as a complement) compound

abstract 3 climate change

uncountable

singular preposition (on)

common abstract 4 emission

uncountable

singular preposition (of)

common abstract 5 emission

uncountable

singular preposition (of)

common abstract 6 emission

uncountable

singular after the subject and the verb phrase (as an object)

Table 4.5 shows one common noun (emission) and one compound noun (climate change). All of those nouns are in singular form. Otherwise, there are two new prepositions found in Frequency 3. They are to and on.

(61)

Table 4.6 The Type, Form, and Marker of Frequency 4 Nouns used by the Indonesian Writer

No. Noun Type Form Marker

compound abstract 1 CO2

uncountable

singular before the verb (as a subject) compound

abstract 2 CO2

uncountable

singular after the object (as an object complement) compound

abstract 3 CO2

uncountable

singular after the verb phrase (as a complement) compound

abstract 4 CO2

uncountable

singular after the verb phrase (as a complement) compound

concrete 5 farmland

uncountable

singular before the verb (as a subject) compound

concrete 6 farmland

uncountable

singular preposition (of)

compound concrete 7 farmland

uncountable

singular preposition (of)

compound concrete 8 farmland

uncountable

singular determiner (their)

From Table 4.6, it shows that CO2 and farmland are found 4 times in the opinion article. These nouns are compound nouns and in singular form. In addition, there is a new marker found in this frequency which is their.

(62)

Table 4.7 The Type, Form, and Marker of Frequency ≥5 Nouns used by the non-Indonesian Writer

No. Noun Type Form Marker

common abstract 1 carbon

uncountable

singular before the verb (as a subject) common

abstract 2 carbon

uncountable

singular preposition (of)

common abstract 3 carbon

uncountable

singular determiner (these)

common abstract 4 carbon

uncountable

singular preposition (of)

common abstract 5 carbon

uncountable

singular preposition (of)

common abstract 6 carbon

uncountable

singular before the verb (as a subject) common

abstract 7 carbon

uncountable

singular preposition (as)

common abstract 8 carbon

uncountable

singular determiner (a)

common abstract 9 carbon

uncountable

singular before the verb (as a subject) common

abstract 10 carbon

uncountable

singular determiner (a)

common abstract 11 carbon

uncountable

singular preposition (of)

common abstract 12 carbon

uncountable

singular preposition (as)

common abstract 13 carbon

uncountable

singular determiner (a)

common abstract 14 carbon

uncountable

singular after the object (as an object complement)

(1)

(2)

(3)

90 APPENDIX 5

THE SUMMARY OF DATA ANALYSIS

A. The Frequency of the Nouns Used in the Two Opinion Articles

1. The Comparison of the Nouns Frequency used in the Two Opinion Articles

Frequency Number of Nouns

In the Opinion

Article In the Dictionary

Used in Indonesian Opinion Article

Used in Non-Indonesian

Opinion Article

High 9 9 Low 10 6

Extend topic 4 2

Low

NO 1 1 Low 3 3 Med

NO 1 1

High Extend Topic 1 1

Total Number of Nouns 29 23

2. The Important Nouns and the Specific Nouns used in Every Opinion Article a. The Important Nouns Used in Every Opinion Article

Frequency No. The Important Nouns

used in the Indonesian Opinion Article

In the Opinion

Article In the Dictionary

1. afforestation 1 x*

2. biomass 2 NO**

3. climate change 3 NO**

4. CO2 4 2

5. emission 3 2

6. conservation 1 2

7. ecosystem 1 1

8. ecosystems 1 1

9. erosion 1 1

10. farmland 4 1

11. global warming 1 2

12. nitrogen 2 1

13. photosynthesis 1 x*

14. power plants 1 1

(4)

Frequency No.

The Important Nouns used in

the Non-Indonesian Opinion Article

In the Opinion

Article In the Dictionary

1. carbon dioxide 2 2

2. climate change 4 NO**

3. emissions 8 2

4. emitters 1 NO**

5. fossil fuels 1 1

6. glaciers 1 1

7. global warming 3 2

8. greenhouse 3 2

9. polluters 3 1

10. power plants 1 1

11. sea levels 1 1

b. The Nouns used in the Two Opinion Articles (and the Specific Nouns) Frequency

Nouns In

the Indonesian Opinion Article

the Non-Indonesian Opinion Article

In the Dictionary atmosphere Low Low Extend topic

(climate

change) Med Med NO**

(CO2 /

carbon dioxide) Med Low Low

(emission) Med Low Low

(global

warming) Low Med Low

(power plants) Low Low Low technologies Low Low High

* Noun that does not have any frequency band but deserves an entry in the dictionary.

** Noun that is not listed in the dictionary.

Equal (belong to the same frequency group) in the opinion articles – not equal (does not belong to the same frequency group) in the dictionary Not equal in the opinion articles – one is equal & one is not equal in the dictionary

(5)

B. Structural Features of the Nouns Used in the Two Opinion Articles 1. Nouns Types used in the Two Opinion Articles

The Number of Nouns Nouns Types In the Indonesian

Opinion Article

In the Non-Indonesian Opinion Article

Common 18 15

Compound 6 7

Proper - 1

Collective 5 -

Total Number

of Nouns 29 23

2. Nouns Forms used in the Two Opinion Articles

a. The Number of Singular and Plural Nouns used in the Two Opinion Articles The Number of Nouns

Nouns Forms

In the Indonesian Opinion Article

In the Non-Indonesian Opinion Article

Singular 22 14

Plural 7 9

Total Number of

Nouns 29 23

b. The Same Nouns with Different Forms used in the Two Opinion Articles The Number of the Same Nouns with Different Forms

The Indonesian Opinion Article The Non-Indonesian Opinion Article

4 2 Nouns

The Frequency in the Opinion

Article

Nouns

The Frequency in the Opinion

Article

ecosystem-ecosystems 1-1

emission-emissions 1 - ≥ 5 forest-forests 2-2

technology-technologies 1-1 land-lands 2-1

(6)

c. Nouns Markers used in the Two Opinion Articles The Indonesian Opinion

Article

The Non-Indonesian Opinion Article Nouns

Markers The Number

of Nouns The Markers

The Number

of Nouns The Markers

Preposition 9 of***, through, from, for, with, to***, on, as***, down 7 on, of***, from, in***, to***, with, down Determiner 6 the***, neither, these,

a, more, an

5 the***, number (16), their***, a, that Position 5 before verb, after subject and verb phrase, after subject, after object, after verb phrase

1 after verb phrase Function 5 subject, object, subject complement, object complement, complement

1 complement

None

3 determiners : number (16), their, that.

1 preposition : in

4 determiners : neither, these, more, an

4 prepositions : through, for, as, down

4 position/functions : before verb/subject, after subject and

verb phrase/object, after subject/subject complement,

after object/object complement.

*** Marker that is frequently used and used to mark at least 4 nouns in the opinion article.

A study on the common and compound nouns used by the Indonesian and non-Indonesian writers in the opinion column of The Jakarta Post.

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