Compound nouns in the articles of The Jakarta Post Online edition used by national and international writers.

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vii ABSTRACT

Yulianita, Nadia Gitya. 2015. Compound Nouns in the Articles of The Jakarta Post Online Edition Used by National and International Writers. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.

In English, one lexical item can consist of two or more simpler lexemes. The linguists call this phenomenon compound. Compound can act as a noun, adjective, verb, and also preposition. If it acts as a noun in a sentence, it is called as compound noun. The examples of compound nouns are school boy, newspaper, and push button. This study of compound nouns was done to analyze the occurrence of compound nouns in The Jakarta Post in the period the of late 2014 until early 2015. Since The Jakarta Post online edition contains many articles from many writers, the researcher decided to compare the compound nouns used by national and international writers.

This study was done in order to answer the research problems: 1) What types of compound nouns can be found in the selected articles of The Jakarta Post online edition in the period of late 2014 until early 2015 used by national and international writers? 2) What is the frequency of compound nouns found in the selected articles of The Jakarta Post online edition in the period of late 2014 until early 2015 used by national and international writers?

Based on those research questions, the researcher used content analysis in this study. Besides, she used the theory of corpus linguistics to conduct this study. The compound nouns were collected and divided into the ones used by national writers and the ones used by international writers. Then, the data were analyzed based on the types of the compound nouns. After that, the frequency of occurrence of those compound nouns could be required.

Based on the results, the researcher noted the findings. First, the most common compound noun is endocentric with 70 compounds out of 4.659 words used by national writers and 84 compounds out of 8537 words used by international writers. Meanwhile, the number of exocentric and verbal compounds used by national writers are eleven and seven. The international writers also used 12 exocentric compounds and 24 verbal compounds.

Keywords: compound noun, corpus linguistics, endocentric compound, exocentric compound, verbal compound.

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viii ABSTRAK

Yulianita, Nadia Gitya. 2015. Compound Nouns in The Articles of The Jakarta Post Online Edition Used by National and International Writers. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Dalam Bahasa Inggris, satu kata dapat terdiri dari dua kata atau lebih. Para ahli bahasa menyebut fenomena ini sebagai compound. Compound dapat berperan sebagai kata benda, kata sifat, kata kerja, dan preposisi. Jika compound berperan sebagai kata benda, maka disebut compound noun. Contoh-contoh dari compound noun adalah school boy, newspaper, dan push button. Penelitian mengenai compound noun ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis kemunculan dari compound noun itu sendiri dalam The Jakarta Post periode akhir 2014 hingga awal 2015. Dikarenakan edisi online dari The Jakarta Post berisi banyak artikel dari berbagai penulis, peneliti memutuskan untuk membandingkan compound noun yang ditulis oleh penulis nasional dan penulis internasional.

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menjawab dua rumusan masalah, yaitu: 1) Apa saja tipe compound nouns yang bisa ditemukan di artikel The Jakarta Post edisi online periode akhir 2014 hingga awal 2015? 2) Berapa frekuensi kemunculan compound nouns yang bisa ditemukan di artikel The Jakarta Post edisi online periode akhir 2014 hingga awal 2015?

Berdasarkan dua rumusan masalah tersebut, peneliti menggunakan konten analisis dalam penelitian ini. Selain itu, ia juga menggunakan teori mengenai corpus linguistics. Peneliti mengumpulkan compound nouns lalu membagi menjadi bagian yang ditulis oleh penulis nasional sedangkan yang satunya ditulis oleh penulis internasional. Kemudian, ia menganalisis dan membandingkan tipe dari compound nouns tersebut. Setelah itu, ia menghitung frekuensi kemunculan dari compound noun itu.

Berdasarkan hasil dari penelitian ini, peneliti mencatat beberapa penemuan. Pertama, compound noun yang paling sering muncul dalam artikel-artikel tersebut adalah endocentric compound dengan 70 compound dari 4.659 kata ditulis oleh penulis nasional dan 84 compound dari 8.537 kata ditulis oleh penulis internasional. Sementara itu, jumlah exocentric compound dan verbal compound yang ditulis oleh penulis nasional adalah 11 dan 7. Penulis internasional juga menulis 12 exocentric compound dan 24 verbal compound. Kata kunci: compound noun, corpus linguistics, endocentric compound,

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COMPOUND NOUNS IN THE ARTICLES OF THE JAKARTA

POST ONLINE EDITION USED BY NATIONAL AND

INTERNATIONAL WRITERS

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in

English Language Education

Nadia Gitya Yulianita Student Number: 111214119

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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COMPOUND NOUNS IN THE ARTICLES OF THE JAKARTA

POST ONLINE EDITION USED BY NATIONAL AND

INTERNATIONAL WRITERS

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in

English Language Education

Nadia Gitya Yulianita Student Number: 111214119

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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DEDICATION PAGE

“Life is a climb, but the view is great”

This thesis is dedicated to:

my parents

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vii ABSTRACT

Yulianita, Nadia Gitya. 2015. Compound Nouns in the Articles of The Jakarta Post Online Edition Used by National and International Writers. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.

Keywords: compound noun, corpus linguistics, endocentric compound, exocentric compound, verbal compound.

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viii ABSTRAK

Yulianita, Nadia Gitya. 2015. Compound Nouns in The Articles of The Jakarta Post Online Edition Used by National and International Writers. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank Allah SWT. Because of His blessing, I could finish this thesis on time. Besides, He gave me health and strength so that I managed to work on my thesis.

Next, I would also like to show my deepest gratitude for my thesis advisor

Paulus Kuswandono, Ph.D. His guidance, support, patience, and suggestion about my thesis helped me a lot when I was working on my thesis. Without him, I would not have finished my thesis on time. I also want to give my biggest thanks to Drs. Barli Bram, M.Ed. Ph.D. for his corrections and also suggestions on my thesis. Besides, I want to give my deepest gratitude to my academic advisor

Yuseva Ariyani Iswandari, S.Pd. M.Ed., who always supports and guides me during my study. I also do not forget to give my gratitude to the lecturers in the English Language Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University. They had lectured and given me all of the things that I need to know since I joined the university. I got a lot of knowledge and experiences that can be applied in my life. My special gratitude also goes to my family, especially for my parents,

Giyarso and Tumiyem. They always give me support and courage to finish my thesis on time. They also put all of their faith in me. Because of that, I want to make them proud of having a daughter like me. They are also the reason for me to work hard on my thesis. I also want to thank my sister, Ana, for her love, support and prayers for me. Even though we are not very close, I know that she always cares about me and does anything that she can to please me.

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I would not forget to give my gratitude to all of my best friends: Rita, Tusita, Priska, and Arum. They always give me support, advice, and happiness with their own way. Their jokes always help me to escape for a while from my problems and their support makes me be ready to face my problem. I would also like to thank my friends who fill my days with joys and laughter: Ludina, Dita,

and Hanung. Even though I rarely meet them in person, they always make me happy when I talk to them through whatsapp or bbm.

Then, I also want to give my biggest gratitude to all of my friends in batch 2011. They have motivated and supported me to finish my thesis. Their companionship also helped me to fight my laziness and to start writing. Lastly, I would also like to say many thanks to all of the people whose names cannot be mentioned here. For those who supported and helped me finish my thesis, I really would like to thank them.

Yogyakarta, May 22, 2015

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... i

APPROVAL PAGES ... ii

DEDICATION PAGE ... iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ... v

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ... vi

ABSTRACT ... vii

ABSTRAK ... viii

ACKNOWLWDGEMENTS ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xi

LIST OF TABLES ... xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES ... xiv

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Research Background ... 1

B. Research Problems ... 4

C. Problem Limitation ... 4

D. Research Objectives ... 6

E. Research Benefits ... 6

F. Definition of Terms ... 7

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Theoretical Description ... 10

1. Morphology ... 10

2. Compound ... 11

3. Noun ... 13

4. Compound Noun ... 15

5. Compounds VS Phrases ... 18

6. Corpus Linguistics ... 22

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xii

B. Theoretical Framework ... 24

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Research Method ... 26

B. Sources of Data ... 27

C. Research Instruments ... 27

D. Data Gathering Technique ... 28

E. Data Analysis Technique ... 29

F. Research Procedure ... 34

CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Types of Compound Nouns in Selected Articles ... 38

B. Frequency of Compound Nouns in Selected Articles ... 45

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS A. Conclusions ... 56

B. Recommendations ... 59

REFERENCES ... 61

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xiii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Derivational Nouns ... 14

Table 2.2: Lexical Items Which Form Compound Nouns ... 15

Table 2.3: Endocentric Compounds ... 16

Table 2.4: Exocentric Compounds ... 17

Table 2.5: Verbal Compounds ... 18

Table 2.6: Examples of Compounds ... 21

Table 2.7: Examples of Phrases ... 22

Table 3.1: Forms of Compound Nouns Used by National Writers ... 29

Table 3.2: Types of Compound Nouns Used by National Writers ... 30

Table 3.3: Forms of Compound Nouns Used by International Writers ... 30

Table 3.4: Types of Compound Nouns Used by International Writers ... 31

Table 3.5: Frequency of Forms Used by National Writers ... 32

Table 3.6: Frequency of Types Used by National Writers... 32

Table 3.7: Frequency of Forms Used by International Writers ... 33

Table 3.8: Frequency of Types Used by International Writers ... 33

Table 3.9: Percentage of Types Used by National and International Writers ... 33

Table 4.1: Forms of Compound Nouns Used by National Writers ... 39

Table 4.2: Types of Compound Nouns Used by National Writers ... 40

Table 4.3: Forms of Compound Nouns Used by International Writers ... 41

Table 4.4: Types of Compound Nouns Used by International Writers ... 43

Table 4.5: Left-headed Compounds ... 44

Table 4.6: Frequency of Forms Used by National Writers ... 46

Table 4.7: Frequency of Types Used by National Writers... 48

Table 4.8: Frequency of Forms Used by International Writers ... 49

Table 4.9: Frequency of Types Used by International Writers ... 51

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xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A

Forms of Compound Nouns Used by National Writers ... 64 Appendix B

Forms of Compound Nouns Used by International Writers ... 67 Appendix C

Types of Compound Nouns Used by National Writers ... 70 Appendix D

Types of Compound Nouns Used by International Writers ... 72 Appendix E

A Sample of Article Written by National Writers ... 75 Appendix F

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses the background information and rationale of the research. There are six parts in this chapter. They are the research background, the research problems, the problem limitation, the research objectives, the research benefits, and the definition of terms.

A. Research Background

A newspaper is one of the mass-media that gives people a lot of information in the world. Usually, people read the printed newspaper to enrich the knowledge about the situation in their environment or even in other countries. However, nowadays, people tend to read the online news because of the development of technology. Besides, it is mostly free of charge and people can read anytime and anywhere as long as there is an internet connection. People can find the latest news or even the old news without searching in the pile of old newspapers.

One of the largest newspaper companies in Indonesia that uses English as the language is The Jakarta Post. In fact, the printed edition of this newspaper was already well-known for both local and international readers. However, this newspaper also has had the online edition since June 1994. The online edition also offers the same news as the printed edition, such as breaking news and the

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information about Indonesia. It also includes news in the printed edition and more other news. Moreover, this online edition is well-known for students in PBI Sanata Dharma. It is because based on my personal experience, the lecturers use The Jakarta Post as sources to teach English, for instance in Interpreting class. Besides, the lecturers who are the alumni of PBI Sanata Dharma write articles in this newspaper. It proves that the alumni of PBI Sanata Dharma might be the writers of The Jakarta Post online edition. That is why the researcher chose this newspaper since it is related to PBI students.

In the newspaper, there are a lot of articles that can be read to improve

people‟s knowledge. Since the newspaper uses English as the language, sometimes, the local readers find it difficult to know the meaning about some words in the articles. One of the sources of difficulty is understanding the compounds. Meanwhile, understanding compounds is crucial because it will help the readers to improve their reading comprehension. In order to understand the main point of the articles, the readers should interpret the meaning of the words precisely. Based on my personal experience, I found complex words making me confused whether a particular word is a compound or a phrase. A compound word is formed by two words which act as a lexical item. However, the words of a compound can also occur as independent words (Katamba, 1993). Meanwhile, phrase is the combination of two words which does not act as a single lexical item. One word acts as the dependent (attributive), while the other acts as the independent (Giegerich, 2004). The difference between compound and phrase can

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be seen in the word green house. For compound, green house means a house made of glass to grow plants. If it is a phrase, green house means a house which is green.

Differentiating between a compound and a phrase is important because it will make the readers know about the meaning of the words. If the readers do not know the meaning or misunderstand it, the information from the articles cannot be absorbed clearly. As a result, the readers will be confused when reading the newspaper. Because of that, this study is going to discuss compound nouns in the articles of The Jakarta Post online edition in the period of late 2014 until early 2015. Moreover, Frank (1972) states that a noun has a function of head in every sentence. It means that a noun has an important role to determine the meaning of a sentence. Therefore, compound nouns are more common than other types of compounds.

In The Jakarta Post online edition, there are a lot of articles written by many writers. Those writers might be Indonesian writers or foreign writers. Because of that, the researcher tried to compare the articles written by national writers (Indonesian writers) and international writers (foreign writers). This comparison is done to find out what types compound nouns which are usually used by national and international writers. By knowing the types of compound nouns used by those writers, the readers can study more about those types so that they know about typical compound nouns that are commonly used by national and international writers (Please see Appendix E and Appendix F). By knowing the

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most common compound nouns which occur in the articles, the readers will not find difficulties in understanding the articles.

B. Research Problems

The research problems in the study are:

1. What types of compound nouns can be found in the selected articles of The Jakarta Post online edition in the period of late 2014 until early 2015 used by national and international writers?

2. What is the frequency of compound nouns found in the selected articles of The Jakarta Post online edition in the period of late 2014 until early 2015 used by national and international writers?

C. Problem Limitation

The researcher decided to analyze only compound nouns. It is because this compound is the most common compound (Katamba, 1993). Moreover, it is difficult to explore other compounds (compound verbs, compound adjectives) in the articles of a newspaper. In addition, the researcher only analyzes the compound nouns which have two lexemes even though compounds can consist of more than two lexemes. It is because the researcher wants to discuss the most basic compound in English.

The researcher used The Jakarta Post online edition as the reference to analyze compound nouns because it is one of the largest English newspapers in

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Indonesia. It is considered as large because it has more than 40.000 articles. While there is also a printed edition of the same newspaper (The Jakarta Post), for the sake of practicality and accessibility to analyze the data, the researcher only used the online one.

In fact, there are other English mass media which are available in Indonesia, for instance, Reader’s Digest and TIME. Nevertheless, The Jakarta Post is the most frequently read among others. It can be proven by the award that The Jakarta Post received in 2014. It also ranked second as Indonesian‟s most popular newspaper. In addition, the biggest benefit of this online edition is it is free of charge. Still, the internet connection is needed to access it. However, nowadays, there are places which become the hot spot area as many more people have smartphones to access internet anywhere and anytime.

Even though the researcher decided to explore the articles of The Jakarta Post online edition, not all of those articles are included. This study only discusses the articles which have many compound nouns. The selected articles are found in The Jakarta Post online edition in Sci-Tech and Digital Life columns in the period of late 2014 until early 2015. The researcher chose these columns based on Swastikasari‟s (2009) research that most compounds are found in the scientific articles. Since the scientific articles in The Jakarta Post are attached to

technology‟s articles, the researcher also searched in the Digital Life column to analyze more compound nouns.

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D. Research Objectives

Based on the previous research problems, there are two objectives that this study aims to achieve:

1. To identify the types of compound nouns found in the selected article of The Jakarta Post online edition in the period of late 2014 until early 2015 used by national and international writers.

2. To give information to the readers about the frequency of compound nouns found in the selected article of The Jakarta Post online edition in the period of late 2014 until early 2015 used by national and international writers.

E. Research Benefits

This study can be beneficial for all readers, especially English Language Education Study Program students, lecturers, and future researchers. For the students, they can learn more about morphology, especially compound nouns. Besides, they will get new knowledge about types of compound nouns which usually appear in The Jakarta Post online edition. Sometimes, there are assignments which involve English articles from a newspaper as the reference. Usually, students will choose The Jakarta Post online edition as the reference because it is accessible and free. By knowing the types of compounds, they can understand the meaning of the words and they will not find difficulties in

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understanding the articles. In other words, it helps them to improve their reading comprehension.

For the lecturers, this study also gives information about the types of compound nouns which can be found in the articles of The Jakarta Post online edition. These compound nouns can help students to understand the types of compound nouns. Therefore, the lecturers can explain about compound nouns to the students better because the lecturers have the authentic teaching material.

As for future researchers, the study about compound nouns can give clear information about the types of compound nouns. This analysis of compound nouns in the articles of The Jakarta Post online edition probably can be a reference for the researchers to conduct deeper research about a similar topic. Future researchers may also conduct other compounds, for instance, compound adjectives and compound verbs.

F. Definition of Terms

In order to avoid ambiguity or misunderstanding, the researcher defines the terms that will be used in the study:

1. Compound Noun

Compound noun is formed by two bases which act as a single lexical item.

O‟Grady et al (1997: 152) state that a compound noun may be formed from a noun and a noun, an adjective and a noun, a preposition and a noun, and a verb

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and a noun. The examples of compound nouns are fire truck, high court, undergraduate, and jump suit.

There are two types of compound nouns as put forward by O‟Grady et al (1997). They are endocentric and exocentric. Endocentric means the rightmost morpheme of a compound determine the meaning of the compound itself. Since the rightmost morpheme of a compound noun is a noun, the meaning of the compound will also be a noun. Besides, the meaning will be related to the rightmost morpheme itself. The examples of endocentric compound are steamboat which is a kind of boat powered by steam and dog food which is food for dog. From those examples, it can be seen that the meaning of those compounds are the same as the rightmost morpheme.

Meanwhile, exocentric means that the rightmost morpheme of a compound is not related to the meaning of the compound itself (O‟Grady et al, 1997). In other words, exocentric is the opposite of endocentric. The common examples of exocentric compounds are Greenhouse, Bigfoot, and Broadway.

In addition, there is one more type of compound noun which occur in the articles. That type is verbal compound. It is a part of endocentric compound. According to Spencer (1991: 309), the heads of these compounds are derived by affixation from a verb. The example of this type of compound is matchmaker. This compound has the head „maker‟ which is derived from the

verb „make‟ and followed by an affix –er. This compound is also called synthetic compounds.

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2. The Jakarta Post Online Edition

The Jakarta Post is one of the largest English newspapers in Indonesia. It is considered as large because this newspaper has more than 40.000 articles. Moreover, it has two editions (printed and online). The online edition can be accessed easily by many people both local and international.

3. Frequency

Frequency here means the occurrences of words. According to Bennet (2010), frequency list “displays the words occurring in a corpus along with the number of times each word appears” (p.5). In this study, the frequency list will display compound nouns found in the articles.

In short, this introduction in chapter one will give the readers a description about this study. After the researcher gives explanations about what she is going to analyze in the research, there will be theories in the next chapter. In the chapter II, the researcher provides theories related to compound nouns. The researcher uses those theories to conduct this study.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter describes the theories used in the thesis about compound nouns in The Jakarta Post. This chapter consists of two parts. Those parts are the theoretical description and the theoretical framework. The first part explains the theories which are relevant to the study. The next one talks about the theories which are used to answer the research problems.

A. Theoretical Description

This section contains relevant theories of the study. The researcher provides seven topics which are related to this research. The topics are morphology, compound, noun, compound noun, compounds vs phrases, corpus linguistics, and previous research.

1. Morphology

Since compound is a part of Morphology study, it is better for the readers to understand about Morphology before discussing compound. Morphology is a part of linguistics that focuses on words. According to Bauer (2003), morphology

is “the study of words and their structure” (p.3). Bauer also adds that morphology

is a study about the changes of words. Precisely, it focuses on the shapes of the words and the specific units that used to change the words.

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There are a lot of things that can be learned from morphology. They are morpheme, affixation, inflection, derivation, and word-formation. Morpheme is

the single basic unit of meaning (O‟ Graddy, 1997). Meanwhile, affixation is the

adding of prefix, suffix, or infix in a morpheme. This affixation can cause an inflection which produces the word forms of given lexeme but still in the same lexical, for instance fly becomes flies. Meanwhile, derivation produces the different forms of a lexeme in a different lexical. The example of derivation is lexeme write which is a verb becomes writer which is a noun.

As for the word-formation, there are many kinds of word-formation. They are compound, blend, conversion, and many more. Since this study is related to compound, the word-formation that would be discussed is compound. The further explanation about compound can be seen in the next topic.

2. Compound

Compound or compounding can be defined as the combination of two or more words which acts as a single lexical item. Katamba (1993) argues that a compound word consists of at least two bases which are words, or root morphemes. He also adds that the bases which form the compound word can occur anywhere as independent words. In another book, Matthews (2009) states that compound is formed by two or simpler lexemes. He chooses the lexeme instead of word or base. It is because he differentiates the word-formation and compounding. In word-formation, a complex lexeme is directly related to a simple(r) lexeme. On the other hand, the larger unit in compounding is related to at least two simple(r) lexemes.

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The terms word and lexeme are different. According to O‟Graddy (1997), words are the free forms found in language. Meanwhile, Katamba (1993) declares that the definition of word is not always clear. Therefore, he categorizes word into three categories based on the variety of senses that the word has.

The first category is lexeme. Katamba (1993) mentions that lexemes are the vocabulary items which exist in the dictionary. The example is when there is a word cried, the readers will not try to find the word cried in the dictionary but they will try to find the word cry. In this sense, the word cry is a lexeme. Although it also has many forms, for instance, cries, crying, and cried, it is still considered as one lexeme (cry) because they have the same meaning.

The second category is word-form. “The term word refers to physical realisation of that lexeme in speech or writing” (Katamba, 1993, p.18). Therefore, cry, cries, crying, and cried can be considered as four words.

The last category is the grammatical word (Katamba, 1993). In this sense, the word is seen as a representation of a lexeme which is associated with syntactic properties. Noun, adjective, verb, tense, and gender are parts of morpho-syntactic properties. For instance, I cut the bread in the table every morning is compared to I cut the bread yesterday. Those two sentences have the same word-form cut and they belong to the lexeme CUT. However, they represent two different grammatical words. The first cut represents the present tense and the second one represents the past tense.

In addition, Frank (1972) confirms that compound is “a group of words (two or more) which are joined into one vocabulary unit that functions as a single

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part of speech” (p.7). Besides, Curme (1947) declares that a compound noun is “a group of two or more nouns that often forms a unit, a compound” (p.12). In spite of the different opinions between those experts, the core meaning of compound is the same. They agree that compound is a single lexical item which is formed by at least two or more lexical categories (noun, adjective, verb, and preposition). After discussing compound, this thesis is going to talk about noun.

3. Noun

One of the lexical items in English is Noun. It is considered as the most important part of speech because it can be used in almost every sentence and also called the main word of a sentence. It is the same like what Frank (1972) states that “... it may function as the chief or „head‟ word in many structures of modification” (p.6).

Moreover, there are four main classifications of nouns based on Frank‟s

and Curme‟s theories. Those classifications are inflectional, plural inflectional, possessive inflectional, and derivational nouns. The researcher decided to discuss these forms of nouns because the last form of nouns is related to compounds. The following are the forms of nouns:

a.Inflectional

Frank (1972) argues that the forms of nouns can be changed because of certain grammar properties. The examples of inflectional nouns may determine the gender, for example actor and actress. Besides, it can explain a case, for instance Ann sleeps and I sleep. Moreover, inflectional nouns can show the number: chair and chairs.

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b. Plural Inflectional

The plural of English nouns can be shown by adding –s or –es to the singular form of noun (Frank, 1972). The examples are boy becomes boys and box becomes boxes.

c. Possessive Inflectional

The singular form of noun can be changed into possessive form by adding the „s. The examples of this kind of form are the man’s hat, the boy’s ball, and the girl’s shoes.

d. Derivational Nouns

Frank (1972) declares that the parts of speech which have the derivational forms are only nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. They may also be the part-of-speech indicators.

In addition, Curme (1947: 12) argues that from all those forms of nouns, derivative nouns are similar to compound nouns. It is because the derivative nouns are formed by adding a suffix to a noun, or an adjective, or a verb. The examples of those suffixes are –ness, -ship, -ess, -ing, -er, -dom, and –th. Moreover, other endings like –y, -kin, -ette, -ie, -ling, and –lett also can be attached to adjective or noun to make derivative nouns. The examples of those kinds of nouns can be seen in the table below.

Table 2.1: Derivational Nouns

NO EXAMPLES 1 Skinship

2 Awareness 3 Boredom 4 Warmth 5 Heiress

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From the table, we can see that the suffixes make the noun, verb, and adjective become a noun. The examples from a noun to become a noun are heiress and skinship. Other example is boredom which is from the verb bore. Meanwhile, warmth and awareness are examples of nouns which are derived from adjectives warm and aware.

Even though derivative nouns are similar to compound nouns, there is also a clear difference between those two. For compound, there should be two or more lexemes that are combined and formed as a lexical. As for derivation, it does not need two lexemes to get the affix.

4. Compound Noun

In this section, the researcher is going to discuss compound nouns as one unity. Katamba (1993: 304) confirms that compounds in English belong to the word-classes noun, verb, or adjective. Since this paper is going to analyze the compound nouns, the other types of compounds will not be discussed further.

A compound noun can contain a noun followed by another noun, an adjective also followed by a noun, and a preposition followed by a noun (Katamba, 1993, p. 305). Moreover, O‟Grady et al (1997: 152) state that a compound noun may be formed from a noun and a noun, an adjective and a noun, a preposition and a noun, and a verb and a noun. The explanation of a compound noun from those two experts can be seen in the following table.

Table 2.2:Lexical Items Which Form Compound Nouns Lexical Items Which

Form Compound Nouns

Example 1 Example 2

Noun and Noun Fire engine pencil case Adjective and Noun High court green house

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Preposition and Noun Undergraduate after thought Verb and Noun Push button jump suit

From the table, it can be seen that the lexical items (noun, adjective, preposition, and verb) are followed by a noun. In most compounds, the rightmost morpheme will determine the category of the entire word. That is why the rightmost component in a compound noun is also a noun.

There are two types of compound nouns according to O‟Grady et al (1997). The first type is endocentric. It means that the rightmost component of the compound shows the general meaning of the word. Therefore, fast food is a type of food; bedroom is a type of room, and so on. Here are the examples of endocentric compounds.

Table 2.3: Endocentric Compounds

Examples Meaning

Steamboat A boat powered by steam

Airplane A conveyance that travels through the air Air hose A hose that carries air

Air field A field where airplanes land Fire truck A vehicle used to put out fires Fire drill A practice in the event of fire Dog food Food for dog

Bath tub A place in which to bathe Bath towel A towel used after bathing Schoolboy A boy who studies at school Teapot A pot for tea

Bookcase A case for book

(O‟Grady et al, 1997, p. 155)

The table shows that the meanings of the compounds are related to the meanings of the rightmost morphemes. For example a teapot is a kind of pot and a bath towel is a kind of towel. Endocentric compounds are the most common

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compounds in English (Bauer, 1983; Katamba, 1993; Plag, 2003; Quirk et al, 1985).

However, there are also compounds, the meanings of which do not follow the meanings of their parts like the endocentric compounds do. For instance, green bottle is not the type of bottle which is green but it is a fly of the genus lucilia. The followings are the examples of exocentric compounds. These compounds are also called headless compounds (Katamba, 1993).

Table 2.4: Exocentric Compounds

Examples Meaning

Maple Leafs Toronto‟s NHL hockey team Sabre tooths Extinct species of tiger

Bigfoots Members of an extinct tiger species Walkman A type of portable audio cassette player Blackberry A brand of a smart phone

Broadway A stage for drama musical in America

It can be seen from the table that the meaning of an exocentric compound is not related to the meaning of the rightmost morpheme. It has totally different meaning from the meaning of its morpheme. Therefore, Bigfoot is not a type of foot; blackberry is not a type of berry, and so on.

Katamba (1993) mentions more types of compounds. Besides exocentric and endocentric compound, there is a verbal compound. It is a part of endocentric compounds. The following are the characteristics of a verbal compound:

a. A complex head adjective or noun, which is derived from a verb;

b. The nonhead constituent is interpreted as a syntactic argument of the deverbal noun or adjective head;

c. The 0-role of the nonhead is that of agent and patient; d. The meaning of the compound is transparent.

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The followings are the examples of verbal compounds which act as a noun:

Table 2.5: Verbal Compounds

Noun-verb-er Noun-verb-ing

Moneylender Bear-baiting Gamekeeper Hay-making Shoemaker Brick-laying Bookseller Sheep-shearing

These verbal compounds are also called synthetic compounds according to Spencer (1991, p.309). The heads of these compounds are derived by affixation from a verb. For instance moneylender has lender as the head of the compound. lender comes from the verb lend which is combined by an affix –er.

Besides those types of compounds mentioned above, there is one more type of compound called left-headed compound. Just like the name, the head of the compound is on the leftmost lexeme of the compound. The examples of left-headed compound are passer-by, father-in-law, and nationwide.

The spellings of the compound nouns are all different. There are three forms of spelling according to Quirk et al (1985). They are solid, hyphenated, and open. The examples of those forms are flower pot, flower-pot, and flowerpot. There is no definite rule to decide the spelling of compounds. However, Quirk et al (1985) argue that hyphenation is more common in British English than in American English.

5. Compounds VS Phrases

Some people may be confused to differentiate between compounds and phrases. Because of that, Kingdon (1958: 149) distinguishes between Noun and

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Noun where both components are ordinary nouns, Noun and noun where the second noun is a nomen agentis, and Noun and Noun where the second component is a gerund. For the first category, the example is steel bridge. He claims that 88% of his data (whose origin is unclear) have end-stress and that “… a compound needs to become established before it tends to develop single stress [= fore –stress]” (p. 150). It means that phrases will have the end-stress while compounds have the fore-stress.

The example of the second category is watch-maker. He finds fore-stress except where the first component is not the object of the second (town crier). Finally for the third category, he finds again fore-stress in 88% of all cases (e.g. foxhunting), the exception is when “… the first component has an attributive function towards the gerund” (p. 153): lead poisoning and mass meeting.

In addition, Fudge (1984: 144) observes that end-stress among a noun and a noun is likely to occur in the following categories: (a) where N1 is a location or a time (kitchen sink, night watchman) and (b) where N1 is a material N2 is made of (cotton dress, meat pie). Other examples which use end-stress include Ilkley Moor, William Smith, and pound note. What is important to note here is that both Kingdon and Fudge identify a noun and a noun, where N1 has the function as attributive, will have end-stress. While on the other hand, items such as watch-maker, where N1 is the „object‟ of N2, have fore-stress.

However, there are some words like glass case vs. glass case, steel warehouse vs. steel warehouse, where stress differences correlate very clearly with meaning differences (Bauer, 1998; Carstairs-McCarthy, 2002; Fai ß, 1981;

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Ladd, 1984). The followings are the rules which tell us whether this kind of words combination is a phrase. First, the stress of a phrase will follow the rule offered by Liberman and Prince (1977): “In any pair of sister nodes [AB]X, where X is a

phrasal category, B is strong.” (p. 257). Therefore, glass case is a phrase.

Second, the pre-head dependent of a noun, in a syntactic construction, must be a modifier (attribute) (Quirk et al, 1985). Therefore, toy factory means a factory which is made of a toy. Meanwhile, toy factory means a factory which produces a toy.

As for the compound, first, the stress is on the first syllable (Bauer, 1983; Plag, 2003; Quirk et al, 1985). It indicates that most of the compounds have fore-stress. Therefore, blackbird, newspaper, toothbrush, match maker, and other examples of compounds are stressed on the first lexeme.

Second, like most complex words, they will be expected to be right-headed (Lieber, 1992). It means that the rightmost lexeme in a compound is expected to determine the meaning of the compound itself. Therefore, school boy is a kind of boy. It also implies to junk food which is also a kind of food. This kind of compound is usually called endocentric compound. It is the most common compound in English (Bauer, 1983; Katamba, 1993; Plag, 2003; Quirk et al, 1985). However, there are also compounds which are left-headed, for instance feedback which is a kind of feed and worldwide which is a kind of world. Moreover, there are compounds which do not have head or headless, for instance sugar daddy and broadway. This kind of compound is also called exocentric compound.

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Third, Bauer (1998) discusses that the first element of a noun and a noun should not be plural just as *”eventsful”. The plural should be deleted. Moreover, the elements of Noun and Noun should not permit independent anaphora, or replacement with one (*”a bus-driver and a truck one”). Besides, they should not be independently modifiable.

There is a class of a noun and a noun which has the regular dependent-plus-head structure but where the semantic relationship between the two elements is unpredictable. The examples of this kind of class are exemplified in the table below.

Table 2.6: Examples of Compounds Examples of Compounds

Battlefield seat-belt fruit-market windscreen glass case fog horn hand cream hair net milk bottle tea spoon tear gas mosquito-net Toothpaste shoe-horn toy factory hair oil sparrow-hawk brick-yard (Giegerich, 2004, p. 8)

The semantic relationships which occur in such Noun and Noun have been classified by Adams (1973: 60; 2001: 82). It can be seen that in most cases the

paraphrase „N for N‟ (milkbottle „bottle for milk‟) is correct. However, that interpretation is only possible when the construction is fore -stressed. If it is end-stressed, it has entirely different meanings:

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Table 2.7: Examples of Phrases

Phrases Meaning

sparrow hawk „hawk that is a sparrow‟ toy factory „factory that is a toy‟ milk bottle „bottle made of milk‟ glass case „case made of glass‟ tooth paste „paste made of teeth‟ hair oil „oil made of hair‟ hair net „net made of hair‟ tear gas „gas made of tears‟ brick yard „yard made of bricks‟ (Giegerich, 2004, p. 8)

The difference between Table 2.6 and Table 2.7 lies in the distinction between complement and attribute dependents in Noun and Noun constructions: in Table 2.7, the dependent has an attributive interpretation, while in Table 2.6 it is a complement. What is important here is that, for an interpretation other than that in Table 2.7, it has to have fore-stress. Fore-stress is only available in the lexicon (compound). Besides, the existence of complement-head structure for a noun and a noun construction happens in a compound. This suggests that a noun and a noun constructions with semantic interpretations other than those in Table 2.7 must be lexical. Next, the researcher is going to discuss corpus linguistics which is related to the second research problem.

6. Corpus Linguistics

Corpus linguistics is a study of language used through corpora (the plural form of corpus). According to Bennet (2010), corpus is “a large principled collection of naturally occurring examples of language stored electronically” (p.2). Corpora can give information about the frequency, register, and how language is used (Bennet, 2010, p.5). Bennet also adds that usually, the researcher

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will use a frequency list to show that information. A frequency list “displays the words occurring in a corpus along with the number of times each word appears” (Bennet, 2010: 5). This theory can be beneficial in this study because it will help the researcher to make the frequency list of compound nouns that she analyzed.

However, corpus linguistics does not provide negative evidence. It means that corpus linguistics cannot tell that the word is correct or not. It only tells us that this word exists in the corpus or not. Besides, corpus linguistics cannot provide all possible language at one time. It means that the language in the corpus is not random but it is prepared and planned before. The last thing is corpus linguistics also cannot explain the reasons why this language in the corpus is like this. The researcher should use his or her intuitions to answer and explain that question.

7. Previous Research

Swastikasari (2009) did almost similar study to this research. Her title of

the thesis is “A Study on the Common and Compound Nouns Used by the

Indonesian and non-Indonesian Writers in the Opinion Column of The Jakarta Post”. She analyzed all nouns that she could find in the articles. However, in this thesis, the researcher only analyzed compound nouns. In her thesis, she used two opinions articles about Global Warming from The Jakarta Post in September and October 2007. The articles are taken from the Indonesian writer and non-Indonesian writer.

She presented the table of frequency, type, form, and marker of the selected nouns from the opinion articles. In other words, she focused on the nouns

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and analyzes them in terms of frequency, type, form, and marker. She included compound as one of the types of the selected nouns. From the 29 nouns in the article written by Indonesian writer, there are 6 compound nouns. Meanwhile, there are seven compound nouns from 23 nouns found in the opinion article of non-Indonesian writer. It proves that compound nouns are frequently used in the articles. Based on the findings by Swastikasari in 2009, the researcher tried to prove that compound nouns occur commonly in the articles of The Jakarta Post.

The previous theories are related to the study about compound nouns. After discussing those related theories in theoretical description, the researcher provides the theoretical framework. It contains the theories which are used to answer the research problems. Those theories can be seen in the following section.

B. Theoretical Framework

In English, there is a term called compound. Compound is a group of words which act as one single lexical item. There are four lexical categories in English. Those categories are Noun, Adjective, Verb, and Preposition. In other words, there are four kinds of compounds in English. However, in this thesis, the researcher is only going to discuss compound nouns found in the articles of The Jakarta Post.

In order to answer the first research problem, researcher will use the theory from Bauer (1983), Curme (1947), Frank (1972), Katamba (1993), Matthews

(2009), O‟ Graddy (1997), Plag (2003), and Quirk et al (1985) to determine the compound nouns. It means, the researcher will decide the compound nouns found

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in the article whether they are formed by Noun and Noun, Adjective and Noun, Preposition and Noun, or Verb and Noun. After that, the researcher is going to differentiate the types of compound nouns using the theory from Katamba (1993)

and O‟Graddy (1997). Those types of compounds are endocentric, exocentric, and

verbal compounds. Endocentric means the meaning of the compound is related to the meaning of its rightmost morpheme, while exocentric means the opposite of endocentric. Verbal compound is related to endocentric compound which the head of the compound is derived from verb. For example is “goal keeper”. Besides, the researcher tries to explore left-headed compounds which are not common in English.

Next, the researcher will use Bennet‟s (2010) theory about corpus linguistics to answer the second research problem. The compound nouns found in the articles will be listed into a frequency list. By doing so, we can see the frequency of compound nouns found in the articles of The Jakarta Post.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the researcher discusses the research methodology used to answer the research problems. There are six sections that will be discussed in this chapter. Those sections are the research method, the sources of data, the research instruments, the data gathering technique, the data analysis technique, and the research procedure.

A. Research Method

The research method used to answer the research problems in this thesis is qualitative research. According to Ary et al (2002), the goal of qualitative research is the depth of understanding rather than the numerical data. Moreover, “data analysis in qualitative research is often done concurrently or simultaneously with data collection through an iterative, recursive, and dynamic process” (Ary et al, 2010, p. 481). It means that the researcher also did the data analysis while collecting the data. In addition, “qualitative data might be quantitized by counting the number of times a particular word is used or the number of times a particular theme is identified” (Ary et al, 2010, p. 564). That is why the researcher used frequency list to expose the data in this study. This kind of study is also called mixed method because the data collection is qualitative but the data analysis is quantitative (Ary et al, 2010, p. 564).

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Specifically, the type of research used in this study is document analysis. It is one of the methods used in qualitative research. According to Corbin and Strauss (2008), document analysis is a systematic procedure to review or evaluate both printed and online document. Besides, Fraenkel and Wallen (1993) declare

that the purpose of document analysis is to “obtain an in-depth look at a particular

set of materials” (p. 380) after reviewing the document.

B. Sources of Data

The sources of data in this study were taken from the articles in The Jakarta Post online edition. The articles used in this study are in the Sci-Tech and Digital Life sections. The researcher believed that there are a lot of compound nouns in these sections.

Moreover, the researcher decided to analyze the articles released in late 2014 until early 2015. The articles were written by national writers and international writers. The researcher chose 25 articles written by national and international writers. It is because in that period of time, there were only those 25 articles in The Jakarta Post online edition. In other words, the researcher did convenient sampling because she could access and took the data that had been there.

C. Research Instruments

In this study, the researcher acts as human instrument. It is because the researcher “is more responsive to the situation and he or she is able to adapt to the

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changing conditions” (Guba & Lincoln, 1994, p.12). This statement means that the researcher can process the data immediately and confirm the source or related references if there is uncertainty.

Besides, Guba and Lincoln (1994) add that it is only humans who can collect the confusing data and then process it so that it becomes available and easier for others to understand it. It means that only the researcher who could do the analysis. After that, she interpreted the data in easier way so that other people can get the meaning of the data.

D. Data Gathering Technique

The data in this study were collected from the articles of The Jakarta Post online edition. The researcher used the online edition because the development of technology makes many people prefer to go online rather than read the printed newspaper. The researcher selected the articles by looking at particular topics which have more compounds than the others. Those particular topics are Sci-Tech and Digital Life. Besides, the researcher paid attention on the date of publication (late 2014 until early 2015).

There are four steps that the researcher took in the study to gather the data. First, the researcher conducted the research by analyzing the online articles of The Jakarta Post. After that, the researcher collected the information from the dictionary and the references (theories). Next, the researcher selected 25 articles which have many compound nouns from Sci-Tech and Digital Life columns.

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After that, the researcher collected the selected compound nouns found in the articles.

E. Data Analysis Technique

The data that had been gathered were the selected compound nouns. Those data then were analyzed based on the theories from Bauer (1983), Curme (1947), Frank (1972), Katamba (1993), Matthews (2009), O’ Graddy (1997), Plag (2003), and Quirk et al (1985) to decide whether this type of compound was made from Noun-Noun, Adjective-Noun, Preposition-Noun, or Verb-Noun. The researcher did the analysis while also collecting the data. After the researcher explored all of the compound nouns used by national writers, they were listed in the first table below.

Table 3.1: Forms of Compound Nouns Used by National Writers

No Compound Nouns

Lexical Items which Form Compound Nouns

N-N A-N P-N V-N 1 Box office √

2 Blackberry √

3 Playmaker √

4 Upbeat √

… ..

The table above contains the examples of compound nouns. However, those examples are not the real data. Those examples are provided to give visual description to the readers of how the data will look like.

Besides deciding the lexical items that form compound nouns used by national writers, the researcher displayed the compound nouns used by

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international writers. The table is similar to the previous table. The only difference is that the next table exhibits the compounds used by international writers.

Table 3.2:Types of Compound Nouns Used by National Writers

No Compound Nouns

Lexical Items which Form Compound Nouns

N-N A-N P-N V-N 1 Box office √

2 Blackberry √

3 Playmaker √

4 Upbeat √

… ..

The table above shows the compound nouns found in the articles written by international writers. Besides, there are the lexical items that form those compounds. Still, the data above are only the examples and not considered as the real data.

After deciding the form, the researcher decided the types of each compound using Katamba (1993) and O’Graddy (1997)’s theories. The types of compound mentioned in those theories are endocentric compounds, exocentric compounds, and verbal compounds. The table below was used to present the data.

Table 3.3:Forms of Compound Nouns Used by International Writers

No Compound Nouns

Types of Compounds Endo Exo Verbal 1 Box office √

2 Blackberry √

3 Playmaker √

4 Upbeat √

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The previous table is used to show the types of the chosen compound nouns used by national writers. However, the researcher did not only discuss compound nouns used by national writers but also international writers. Therefore, the researcher also provided the table below to show the types of compound nouns used by international writers.

Table 3.4:Types of Compound Nouns Used by International Writers

No Compound Nouns

Types of Compounds Endo Exo Verbal 1 Box office √

2 Blackberry √

3 Playmaker √ √ 4 Upbeat √

… …

From the table, the readers could know the types of compounds in the selected articles of The Jakarta Post online edition written by international writers. After deciding the types, the researcher made the frequency list of the compound nouns. The frequency list was made to evaluate which kind of compounds that appeared the most in the articles of The Jakarta Post online edition.

The articles that had been selected in The Jakarta Post online edition were divided into two parts. The first part is the articles written by national writers and the second part is the articles written by international writers. From columns Sci-Tech and Digital Life in the period of late 2014 up to early 2015, there were nine articles written by national writers and 16 articles written by international writers. The researcher did not know that there were more articles written by international

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writers than national writers at that period of time. That period was chosen randomly by the researcher because the research was conducted in February 2015. The table below displays the lexical items that form the compound nouns used by national writers. Besides, the next table shows the types of the compound nouns. Those tables could be seen below.

Table 3.5:Frequency of Forms Used by National Writers

NO Articles

Frequency of Lexical Items which Form Compound

Nouns

Left-

headed Words N-N A-N P-N V-N

1 2 3

…

Total

Table 3.6:Frequency of Types Used by National Writers

NO Articles Frequency of Types Words Percen-tage Endo Exo Verbal

1 2 3

…

Total Average

The first table above shows the lexical items that formed compound nouns used by national writers. The second table displays the types of compound nouns as well. The articles are sorted from the oldest news until the latest news based on the date of publication.

After discussing the articles from national writers, the researcher moved to the articles written by international writers. The researcher did the same thing as

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before by providing data in tables. The following tables contain the articles written by international writers. The tables exhibit the frequency of lexical items of the compound nouns and their types.

Table 3.7:Frequency of Forms Used by International Writers

NO Articles

Frequency of Lexical Items which Form Compound

Nouns

Left-

headed Words N-N A-N P-N V-N

1 2 3

…

Total

Table 3.8:Frequency of Types Used by International Writers

NO Articles Frequency of Types Words Percen-tage Endo Exo Verbal

1 2 3 … Total Average

Those are the tables which are used to display the data from international writers. The articles written by international writers were also sorted from the oldest to the newest. Next, the researcher also provided a table that exhibits the percentage of compound nouns used by national and international writers.

Table 3.9:Percentage of Types Used by National and International Writers

National Writers International Writers Article

Percentage (%)

Article

Percentage (%)

En-do Exo

Ver-bal All

En-do Exo

Ver-bal All 1

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2 3 4

…

Total Average

From the previous tables, the readers could know what types of compounds that frequently occur in the articles written by both national and international writers in the period of late 2014 until early 2015. Next, the researcher explains the procedure that she did to conduct the research.

F. Research Procedure

There are seven steps conducted in this study. Those steps were taken in order to gather and analyze the data found by the researcher. The following are the steps that the researcher took in this study:

1. Observing The Jakarta Post online edition to look for the articles which have compound nouns in it

The problem of finding compounds was not simple matters. Sometimes, the compound nouns in the article were not so many or even none. Because of that, the researcher had to read so many articles to gather data as much as possible.

2. Getting the information from the dictionary and related references

This was done to check whether the words found in the article were compounds or phrases. It was also to make sure and convince the researcher that the words she analyzed were really compounds. This step

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also was not easy because there are so many theories that discuss how to differentiate between compounds and phrases. Therefore, the researcher needed to read many references for examples dictionaries and morphological theories to decide whether the words she analyzed were compounds or phrases.

3. Selecting the articles which contain a lot of compound nouns in the online edition of The Jakarta Post

The researcher decided to choose articles from Sci-Tech and Digital Life columns because there are so many compounds in those articles. Besides, the selection was done based on the date of publication of the articles. The researcher did this to limit the scope of the data.

4. Sorting the articles written by national writers and international writers The researcher differentiated the articles written by national writers and the ones written by international writers. This was done in order to identify which compound nouns that came from national writers and which ones were from international writers. In other words, it made the next step of this research easier.

5. Collecting the compound nouns in the selected articles from national writers and international writers

After sorting the articles, the researcher started to list the compound nouns in those articles. The compound nouns that had been explored were also listed according to where they came from. It means that the researcher also differentiated the compound nouns used by national and

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international writers. Those compound nouns were the data of this study. That data soon was going to be analyzed by the researcher.

6. Analyzing the data

The compound nouns selected in the previous step were analyzed using the theories from Bauer (1983), Curme (1947), Frank (1972),

Katamba (1993), Matthews (2009), O’ Graddy (1997), Plag (2003), and

Quirk et al (1985). This was done to determine whether the compound nouns were formed by Noun-Noun, Adjective-Noun, Preposition-Noun, or Verb-Noun. This step was quite easier rather than the previous steps.

After deciding the lexical items which form the compound nouns, the researcher analyzed the types of the compound nouns. Using theories

from O’Graddy (1997) and Katamba (1993), the researcher decided the types of compound nouns found in the articles. There are three types of compounds based on the theories. Those types are endocentric, exocentric, and verbal. This step needs the understanding of the researcher about the meaning of the selected compounds.

7. Making the frequency list of the data

After analyzing the data, the researcher made some tables of frequency list of the data. The first table shows the frequency of the lexical items which form the compound nouns used by national writers. The second table displays the frequency of the lexical items which form the compound nouns used by international writers. After that, the researcher provided two more tables that compare the types of compound

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nouns used by national writers and international writers. Lastly, the researcher also exposed the tables that compare the articles written by national and international writers about compound nouns that frequently occur in the selected articles of The Jakarta Post online edition in late 2014 – early 2015.

8. Concluding and reporting the study

After getting the data about compound nouns that occur in the articles, the researcher concluded this study. This conclusion, later, will be reported with the findings of the research. By doing this, the study is complete.

In a nutshell, chapter three contains the explanation on how the researcher gathered the data. Besides, it explains the steps that the researcher took to analyze the data. In the following chapter, the researcher exposes the data analysis and the result of the study about compound nouns.

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CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the researcher presents two parts based on the research questions. The first part discusses the types of compound nouns found in the selected articles of The Jakarta Post online edition. The second part shows the frequency of the compound nouns that had been analyzed.

A. Types of Compound Nouns in Selected Articles

This part presents the results of the study. The researcher used The Jakarta Post online edition as the source of the data. Specifically, the researcher took some compound nouns in the selected articles. Those articles are Digital Life and Sci-Tech articles published in late 2014 until early 2015. It is because sections about science and technology contained more compounds than other sections according to Swastikasari (2009). Moreover, at that period, there are some articles about new product of gadget and news about digital life which attracted the readers.

This part begins with a table which exhibits the compound nouns in 25 articles which are written by national writers. Besides, this table shows the lexical items which formed those compounds. The table can be seen in the following page.

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Table 4.1: Forms of Compound Nouns Used by National Writers

No Compound Nouns

Lexical Items which Form Compound Nouns N-N A-N P-N V-N 1 brush mode √

2 coral reefs √

3 deadline √ 4 facebook √

5 food lovers √ 6 foothold √ 7 gas station √ 8 handwriting √

9 highlights √ 10 internet users √

11 power bank √ 12 search engine √

13 stand-up comedian √ 14 underwater √

15 white-collar √

The table presents fifteen samples of compound nouns which could be explored in the Sci-Tech and Digital Life articles of The Jakarta Post online edition. Most of those compound nouns are related to technology terms that could be heard every time. However, there are also compounds which do not commonly occur in the daily life, for example white-collar and foothold.

From the table, it can be concluded that most of the compound nouns are formed with a noun and a noun combination. From the total of fifteen samples of compound nouns, there are ten compounds which are formed by a noun and a noun, three compounds are formed by an adjective and a noun, one compound are formed by a preposition and a noun, and one compounds are formed by a verb and

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a noun. However, there is a compound handwriting which is formed by a noun and a verb(ing). Even though there is a verb there, it is still considered as a noun because the verb is attached with –ing.

After deciding the lexical items which form the compound nouns, the researcher categorized the types of compound nouns. This categorization was made based on Katamba’s (1993) theory about compound nouns. Moreover, these categories are the most common compounds which occur in the articles.

Table 4.2: Types of Compound Nouns Used by National Writers

No Compound Nouns Types of Compounds Endo Exo Verbal 1 brush mode √

2 coral reefs √

3 deadline √ 4 facebook √

5 food lovers √ 6 foothold √

7 gas station √

8 handwriting √ 9 highlights √

10 internet users √ 11 power bank √

12 search engine √ 13 stand-up comedian √ 14 underwater √

15 white-collar √

The table above shows that most of the data are endocentric. It means that the meanings of most compounds are related to the part of the compound itself. In other words, “the compound is a hyponym of the grammatical head” (Bauer,

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1983, p. 30). Therefore, it corroborates the theories of Bauer (1983), Katamba (1993), and Plag (2003) that most of compounds in English are endocentric.

There are six endocentric compounds which have the same meaning with the lexical items that formed the compound nouns. Besides, there are five exocentric compounds from 15 samples of compound nouns found in the selected articles of The Jakarta Post online edition. Even though the meanings of them are not related to the lexical item from the compound, the researcher had provided the meanings of each compound in the previous table. There are also three verbal compounds in those fifteen samples. These compounds are similar because they are formed from nouns which are derived from verbs (Katamba, 1993; Plag, 2003). The examples are food lovers and handwriting. The word lovers in food lovers is derived from the verb love which got suffix –er. It also happens to the word writing which got –ing participle in handwriting.

After discussing the lexical items and the types of compounds in selected articles written by national writers, the researcher moves to international writers. Similar to the previous table, the researcher provided the table of compounds found in the articles. Besides, the table shows the lexical items that form those compound nouns.

Table 4.3: Forms of Compound Nouns Used by International Writers

No Compound Nouns

Lexical Items which Form Compound Nouns N-N A-N P-N V-N

1 afternoon √

2 air conditioner √ 3 birthdates √

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4 first lady √ 5 junk food √

6 lawmakers √ 7 lawsuit √

8 midday √

9 phone call √

10 playstation √

11 smartphone √ 12 thick skin √ 13 timeline √

14 video game √

15 white house √

This table contains different compounds from the previous tables because the writers are different. However, this table exhibits similar result with the previous table. The most compounds which occur in the selected articles of The Jakarta Post online edition written by international writers are formed by a noun and a noun (Bauer, 1983). From the table, it can be concluded that there are eight compounds which are formed by a noun and a noun, three compounds that are formed by an adjective and a noun, two compounds formed by a preposition and a noun, and one compound with the form of a verb and a noun. Some of those compounds also frequently occur but some do not. The examples of uncommon compounds are first lady and thick skin.

Next, the researcher discusses the types of compound nouns used by international writers. Similar to the previous part, there are three kinds of compounds that the researcher analyzed. They are endocentric, exocentric, and verbal or synthetic compounds. The classification of those types can be seen in the following table.

(1)

Appendix D: Types of Compound Nouns Written by International Writers

No Compound Nouns Types of Compounds Frequency Endo Exo Verbal

1 account numbers √ 1

2 afternoon √ 2

3 air conditioners √ 1

4 airliner √ 1

5 bank account √ 1

6 bank fraud √ 1

7 benchmark √ 17

8 birthdates √ 1

9 blackberry √ 5

10 card reader √ 1

11 cash machines √ 1

12 cellphone √ 2

13 clock frequency √ 2

14 clock speed √ 3

15 color range √ 1

16 computer programmers

√ 1

17 consumer image √ 1

18 credit alert √ 3

19 credit card √ 3

20 credit issuers √ 1

21 credit reports √ 4

22 data brokers √ 1

23 data security √ 2

24 data-sharing √ 1

25 deadline √ 1

26 decision makers √ 1

27 door lock √ 1

28 email addresses √ 1

29 extradition treaty √ 1

30 eyewear √ 1

31 facebook √ 12

32 federal court √ 1

33 feedback √ 1

34 filmmakers √ 1

35 first lady √ 1

36 fitness tracker √ 1

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38 gender fluid √ 1

39 hardware √ 2

40 health insurance √ 1

41 health monitors √ 1

42 health trackers √ 1

43 home appliances √ 1

44 hurt feelings √ 1

45 internet

connection √ 2

46 internet giants √ 1

47 internet providers √ 2

48 internet traffic √ 1

49 junk food √ 1

50 lawmakers √ 2

51 lawsuit √ 4

52 living rooms √ 1

53 major phone √ 1

54 mass market √ 2

55 messaging

services √ 2

56 midday √ 1

57 movie division √ 1

58 movie theaters √ 2

59 movie offerings √ 1

60 nationwide √ 1

61 newspaper √ 1

62 newsweek √ 2

63 operating system √ 2

64 organic food √ 1

65 parking meter √ 1

66 passwords √ 3

67 phone call √ 1

68 phone maker √ 1

69 phone records √ 1

70 phone service √ 1

71 plaintiffs √ 2

72 playstation √ 2

73 power consumption

√ 2

74 press conference √ 1

75 privacy service √ 4

76 private sector √ 1

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74 architectures

78 ringleader √ 1

79 riverbed √ 1

80 screen message √

81 screenplay √ 2

82 security system √ 1

83 smart tv √ 1

84 smart watches √ 1

85 smartphone √ 2

86 social media √ 2

87 social network √ 1

88 software √ 4

89 street addresses √ 1

90 technology buyers √ 1

91 television conference

√ 1

92 television stars √ 1

93 thick skin √ 1

94 timeline √ 1

95 timetable √ 1

96 transit fares √ 1

97 user information √ 2

98 video game √ 1

99 voice calls √ 1

100 warning centers √ 3

101 washing machines √ 2

102 web browser √ 1

103 website √ 3

104 white house √ 3

105 wild west √ 1

106 window sticker √ 1

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Appendix E: A Sample of Article Written by National Writers

Pandji Pragiwaksono: Different brands, different roles

Niken Prathivi, The Jakarta Post | Sci-Tech | Wed, January 28 2015, 11:49 AM For radio and television host and stand-up comedian Pandji Pragiwaksono, each item in his bag of gadgets has a purpose.

Pandji, who co-owns Kolam Komik – an online publisher of local comic books, says that he uses two different smartphones to support his work.

“I‟m on a world tour for my stand-up act, which is titled „Mesake Bangsaku World Tour „-- mesake bangsaku is Javanese for „my poor country‟. One of my smartphones does a great job in documenting my act,” Pandji said.

His road show, which began in April 2014, will end in the US in May, he adds. “The tour is crossing from Singapore to Melbourne, Adelaide, Brisbane, London, Amsterdam, Berlin, Guangzhou and Beijing. The final country will be the US, which will be in Los Angeles and San Francisco.”

Other than for managing his stand-up gigs, Pandji says that he depends on his gadgets to check on his business at kolamkomik.com.

iPhone 5S

For daily use, I feel more comfortable to use this phone compared to other brands that I have. Before the 5S, I had an iPhone 4. I bought the 5S about a year ago because the old one was broken. I‟m a kind of person who won‟t buy more gadgets unless the ones that I have are broken.

I picked the 5S because its camera is great for snapshots. Overall, the iOS system is wonderful –it doesn‟t lag and is very smooth. ITunes, iBook and iMovie are just great –nothing can compare. You‟ll get a lot of fun while editing videos with iMovie.

MacBook Pro

My world touris about to finish and now I‟m editing videos of me doing stand-up. I‟m going to make a documentary film from those videos. I‟m using this

(5)

76 easily and is user-friendly.

Sony Xperia Z3

This smartphone‟s camera is just awesome. Equipped with a 20-megapixel camera that supports 4K resolution, it allows you to connect it to a projector. What‟s so handy about this phone is that I can carry it around while I‟m on my world tour– it has becomes a perfect tool to record my acts.

I access Twitter, e-mail, WhatsApp and Vine through the 5S and the Z3. Nevertheless, as Kolam Komik has just launched an Android app, I mostly use this phone to check on the new app.

Iron Man Armor Power Bank

Physically, this power bank looks like a torso of Iron Man himself – the ligh at the center of the tool will be on whenever its in use. It is one of the most important gadgets for me during my world tour.

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Appendix F: A Sample of Article Written by International Writers Samsung launches Tizen-powered TVs in home market

Youkyung Lee, The Associated Press, Seoul, South Korea | Digital Life | Thu, February 05 2015, 11:06 AM

South Korean electronics giant Samsung Electronics Co. has started domestic sales of high-end televisions powered by its Tizen operating system and plans to add washing machines, fridges and other appliances to the range of products that use the software.

Samsung said sales of Tizen-powered ultra-HD TVs began Thursday in South Korea. The new TVs come in four sizes from 55 inches diagonally to 88 inches. The smallest model costs 5.49 million won ($5,000).

The company's smartphones and tablets rely on Google's Android operating system despite its efforts to develop Tizen as an alternative. Currently Samsung is focusing on pushing the Tizen OS into living rooms and eventually into kitchens and other corners of the home.

Kim Hyun-seok, head of Samsung's TV business, said all of Samsung's Internet-connected TVs will be powered by Tizen this year as well as refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners and robotic vacuum cleaners.

At a press conference, Samsung executives emphasized what consumers could do with the new televisions, as well as touting the superior color range of the displays compared with standard TVs.

After startup, the screen of Tizen-powered televisions displays most recently used apps and recommendations. The company said users of Samsung's Galaxy mobile devices can stream content from their phones to the television with one tap on the screen.

Samsung said it increased the number of games, videos and movie offerings. The company did not give launch plans for overseas markets. (***)

Compound nouns in the articles of The Jakarta Post Online edition used by national and international writers.

COMPOUND NOUNS IN THE ARTICLES OF THE JAKARTA

POST ONLINE EDITION USED BY NATIONAL AND

INTERNATIONAL WRITERS

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

COMPOUND NOUNS IN THE ARTICLES OF THE JAKARTA

POST ONLINE EDITION USED BY NATIONAL AND

INTERNATIONAL WRITERS

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Pandji Pragiwaksono: Different brands, different roles

Parts

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The Description of Sentences Used in The Jakarta Post Newspaper

The Analysis Of Gerunds Found In The Jakarta Post Newspaper

The Analysis Of English Pronouns Found In The Articles Of The Jakarta Post Newspaper

The Analysis of Modals in the Articles of Jakarta Post Newspaper

A Brief Description of Conjunctions In Articles of The Jakarta Post Newspaper

The Analysis of Clauses in The Jakarta Post

HEDGES USED BY THE WRITERS IN READERSâ LETTER OF THE JAKARTA POST.

HEDGES USED BY THE WRITERS IN READERS` LETTER OF THE JAKARTA POST.

A study on the common and compound nouns used by the Indonesian and non-Indonesian writers in the opinion column of The Jakarta Post.

A STUDY ON THE COMMON AND COMPOUND NOUNS USED BY THE INDONESIAN AND NON-INDONESIAN WRITERS IN THE OPINION COLUMN OF THE JAKARTA POST A THESIS

Dukungan

Links

Compound nouns in the articles of The Jakarta Post Online edition used by national and international writers.

COMPOUND NOUNS IN THE ARTICLES OF THE JAKARTA

POST ONLINE EDITION USED BY NATIONAL AND

INTERNATIONAL WRITERS

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

COMPOUND NOUNS IN THE ARTICLES OF THE JAKARTA

POST ONLINE EDITION USED BY NATIONAL AND

INTERNATIONAL WRITERS

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Pandji Pragiwaksono: Different brands, different roles

Parts

Dokumen yang terkait

The Description of Sentences Used in The Jakarta Post Newspaper

The Analysis Of Gerunds Found In The Jakarta Post Newspaper

The Analysis Of English Pronouns Found In The Articles Of The Jakarta Post Newspaper

The Analysis of Modals in the Articles of Jakarta Post Newspaper

A Brief Description of Conjunctions In Articles of The Jakarta Post Newspaper

The Analysis of Clauses in The Jakarta Post

HEDGES USED BY THE WRITERS IN READERSâ LETTER OF THE JAKARTA POST.

HEDGES USED BY THE WRITERS IN READERS` LETTER OF THE JAKARTA POST.

A study on the common and compound nouns used by the Indonesian and non-Indonesian writers in the opinion column of The Jakarta Post.

A STUDY ON THE COMMON AND COMPOUND NOUNS USED BY THE INDONESIAN AND NON-INDONESIAN WRITERS IN THE OPINION COLUMN OF THE JAKARTA POST A THESIS

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HEDGES USED BY THE WRITERS IN READERSâ LETTER OF THE JAKARTA POST.