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involves words or forms whose referents depend on these circumstances, they are tend to change when the sentence is put into indirect speech.
C. Types of Pronoun
1. Personal pronouns
Personal pronoun describes the person speaking I, me, we, us, the person spoken to you, or the person or thing spoken about he, she, it, they,
him, her, them.
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TABLE 2.1
Personal Pronoun Person
Subject Object
1st Person I
Me Singular 2nd Person
You You
3rd Person He, She, It
Him, Her, It 1st Person
We Us
Plural 2nd Person
You You
3rd Person They
Them 2.
Reflexive Pronouns They are : myself, our self, thyself, yourself, himself, herself, oneself
or one’s self, itself; ourselves, yourselves, themselves. They refer to the subject of the preposition in which they stand, indicating that the action
performed by doer passes back to him.
3. Reciprocal Pronouns
They are: each other, one other. They express mutual action or relation on the part of the persons indicated by the subject.
20
Curme George O, ENGLISH GRAMMAR, NEW YORK, BARNERNOBLE, INCp.13- 15
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4. Relative Pronouns
a. Relative Pronouns with Antecedent
The personal pronouns may stand in either a principal or a subordinate clause, but these relative pronouns always stand in
subordinate clause, where they have two office to fill. These relative pronouns are: who whom, whose, which, what, that, and
other less. b.
Indefinite and general Relative Pronouns The meaning here is always indefinite or general, hence
there can be no reference to a definite antecedent; but these pronouns have same relative force as the relatives in 1, linking the
subordinate clause in which they stand to the rest of the sentence. these pronouns are: who, what; whoever, whosoever, whoso, what
so-ever; which, whichever. 5.
Indefinite Pronouns They are: somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody, something,
somewhat, anything, aught, nothing, naught. These words were originally indefinite nouns, but they have developed into indefinite pronouns, as can be
seen by our hesitation to put an article or other modifying adjective before them.
6. Interrogative Pronouns
These pronouns are: who whose, whom, what, which one. This is happen when the situation is so indefinite that we are aroused to inquire after
the exact state of things. 7.
Limiting Adjectives Used as Pronouns The substantive forms of a number of limiting adjectives are used not
only in adjective functions but often also as pronouns.
8. Exclamatory Adjective Used as Pronouns
The exclamatory adjective what a used as pronouns: what a one he is to make excuses
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The following table shows some typical changes of time expressions in indirect speech. The changes are not automatic but they are depend on the
context:
TABLE 2.2 Typical changes of time expressions in indirect speech
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Today That day
Yesterday The day before
The day before yesterday Two days before
tomorrow The next daythe following day
The day after tomorrow In two days’ time
Next weekyear, etc. The following weekyear, etc.
Last weekyear, etc. The previous weekyear, etc.
A year, ago, etc. A year before the previous year
But if the speech is made and reported on the same day these time changes are not necessary.
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D. Reported Speech in Statement or Declarative Sentences
Reported statements are one form of reported speech.
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The learners usually introduce reported statements with reporting verbs such as say or
tell:
He said that...
He told me that...
When the learners use their own words to report speech, there are one or two things that sometimes change:
21
Lukman Hakim, M.A, A Concise English Grammar, Jakarta, SENTRA MEDIA, 2007p.100
22
Dixson Robert, J,. M.A. Everyday English, Florida, Gents Publishing Company, Inc, 1957 p.,144
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Pronouns may need to change to reflect a different perspective
Tenses sometimes has to go back one tense eg, present becomes past
TABLE 2.3 Pronouns and Tenses may need to change
Pronoun Tenses
direct statement He said,
I am
sick. reported statement
He said that he
was sick.
There are sometimes other things too that we may need to change,
such as time or place. examples: TABLE 2.4
Time that may need to change
pronoun Tenses
Time direct statement
Jane said, I
was sick
yesterday .
” reported
statement Jane
said that
she had been
sick theday
before TABLE 2.5
Placethat we may need to change
pronoun Tenses
Place direct statement
Jane said, It
is hot in
here .
reported statement
Jane said that
It was
hot in there
.
The rules to change the speech of the sentences is all the PRESENT TENSE
forms of the main verbs in the subordinate clause are changed into
their corresponding PAST TENSE
forms: „is’ and „am’ become „was’; „are’
