Types of Pronoun THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

19  Pronouns may need to change to reflect a different perspective  Tenses sometimes has to go back one tense eg, present becomes past TABLE 2.3 Pronouns and Tenses may need to change Pronoun Tenses direct statement He said, I am sick. reported statement He said that he was sick. There are sometimes other things too that we may need to change, such as time or place. examples: TABLE 2.4 Time that may need to change pronoun Tenses Time direct statement Jane said, I was sick yesterday . ” reported statement Jane said that she had been sick theday before TABLE 2.5 Placethat we may need to change pronoun Tenses Place direct statement Jane said, It is hot in here . reported statement Jane said that It was hot in there . The rules to change the speech of the sentences is all the PRESENT TENSE forms of the main verbs in the subordinate clause are changed into their corresponding PAST TENSE forms: „is’ and „am’ become „was’; „are’ 20 becomes „were’; „shall’ becomes „should’; „come’ becomes „came’; and so on… e.g. 23 Even though the main verb of the main clause of the Direct Speech sentence is in PAST TENSE, the main verb in the Subordinate Clause is not changed in the Indirect Speech when that Verb expresses a regular habit, a universal truth or a natural occurrence. 24 TABLE 2.6 The main verb in the Subordinate Clause is not changed in the Indirect Speech Direct Speech Reported Speech Simple Present Simple Past Present Progressive Past Progressive Simple Past Past Perfect Simple Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple Past Progressive Past Perfect Progressive Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive Future I going to was were going to Future I will Conditional I would Conditional I would You must change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Past e. g. He said. This is called backshift. The students should not change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Present e. g. He says. Note, however, that you might have to change the form of the present tense verb 3rd person singular. 25 23 Lukman Hakim, op.cit.,p.99 24 Idib.,p.100 25 http:www.ego4u.comencram-upgrammarreported-speechstatements 21

E. Reported Speech in Questions Sentences

When students report an Interrogative question Sentence in the Indirect Speech, the students should change the introductory verb, usually „said to’, into „asked’, „inquired’, „demanded to know’, etc. Related. 26 The students also report when they are saying what other people asked or wanted to know. So, the students do not use “do” or “question marks” in indirect questions . There are three forms of questions : 27 a. Normal word order is used on reported questions, that is, the subjects comes before the verb and it is not necessary to use “do” or “ did” Example: Where does Peter live? → She asked him where Peter lived b. Yes or No Questions, this type of question is reported by using ask+ if or whether + clause Examples: Do you speak English? →He asked me if I spoke English Is it raining? → She asked if it was raining. c. Question Words, this type is reported by using „ask’ or another verb like „ask + question word + clause. The clause contains the question, in normal word order and with the necessary tenses change Example: What is your name? he asked me. → He asked me what my name was . How old is your sister?, he asked. →He asked how old her sister was . 26 Allen, W. stannard, Living English Structure, London, Longman Group Limited, 1974,.p.253 27 http:www.edufind.comenglishgrammarreported_speech_questions_forms.php