10 since it has helped to shape the character
’s character. This can be done through direct comment by the author, the person’s thoughts, the person’s conversation or
the medium of another person.
e. Conversation of Others
Conversations between characters might be included in a literary work. Through the conversation of the characters, the characteristic of a character is
described. The characteristic is described through the things they say about the character. Through this way, the author gives the readers clue about a character
’s characteristics.
f. Reactions
In a literary work, the character gives reaction to various situations presented in the story. By showing the character
’s reactions to various situations and events in the novel, the author gives clue about a
character’s characteristics. From the reactions shown, the characters described can be concluded.
g. Direct Comment
The author gives clue about a character’s characteristics by describing the
characteristics directly. The author may also give comments on the characters directly during the story presented in the literary work. From the direct description
or comment, the reader is able to know the characteristics of the character.
h. Thought
Throughout the story told in the literary work, the character might give his opinion. His thoughts are expressed and shown directly in the literary work. The
author gives the readers direct knowledge of what a character is thinking about. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
11 From the character’s thought or way of thinking, the characteristics of the
character are described.
i. Mannerism
The author describes a character ’s mannerism which can tell the
characteristics of the character to the readers. The manner of the character is shown from the character’s habit. In literary work, the author reveals the habit of
the character both positively and negatively. From the habit of the character, the characteristics of the character are shown.
3. Theory of Motivation
According to Worchel and Shebilske 1989, motivation explains why an organism acts in a certain way at a certain time p. 373. Motivation is the driving
force of an individual’s action. It affects the behaviours, actions, thoughts and beliefs of an individual. There are two types of motivation. First is extrinsic
motivation and second is intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation comes from factors external to the individuals. It can be based on a desire for pay, status,
grades, promotion, or any similar types of rewards. While intrinsic motivation involves deriving enjoyment and satisfaction from performing the task itself, not
from the expected rewards. Maslow 1943, in McLeod 2007 states that people are motivated to
achieve certain needs. When one need is fulfilled, a person seeks to fulfill the next one. One must satisfy the lower basic needs before progressing to the higher level
stages of needs. Maslow in Petri, 1981 believes that each level does not have to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
12 be perfectly satisfied. When the lower needs are partially met, the higher needs
partially emerge. However, people are unaware of the need hierarchy since most of the needs are unconscious. Unfortunately, the progress is often disrupted by
failure in life experiences, such as divorce and loss o f job. Maslow states there are five stages of needs which are physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness
needs, esteem needs and self-actualization.
a. Physiological Needs
Physiological needs are human’s basic needs where the body seeks for food, liquid, sleep, sex, oxygen, freedom of movement and a moderate
temperature. The needs above physiological needs on the hierarchy are pushed into the background in terms of controlling behavio ur if they are not adequately
fulfilled. This can be seen for example when someone is in a state of semi starvation, he will constantly think, dream and talk about food.
b. Safety Needs
The safety needs emerge after physiological needs are fulfilled. These needs represent a need for safety or security in a person’s environment. Higher
needs become unimportant when one’s life is endangered and the behavio ur reflects the person’s attempt to remain secure. This need can be seen in for
example people’s preference for familiar surroundings, secure jobs, saving accounts and insurance.
c. Love or Belongingness Needs
When safety needs have been adequately met, they become unimportant in the direction of behaviour and the love or belongingness needs emerge. These
