Definition of Character Types of Character

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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter will discuss some theories used to analyze the novel. There are two parts that are presented in this chapter. The first part is a review of related literature which consists of theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of critical approaches, and theory of post traumatic stress disorder. The second part is theoretical framework. It explores of the contribution of theories applied in this study to answer the problems formulated in this thesis.

2.1 Review of Related Theories

2.1.1 Character

Studying the characteristics of the main character is necessary because some writers place the main character as the focus in writing their novels, poems, songs, and stories. Character in a story has an important role in leading the readers to heighten their emotions. Character also determines the quality of literary work. Abcarian 6 says that good stories are usually interesting from the beginning till the end, because they present characters that the readers care about and these characters might be reasonable or unreasonable.

2.1.1.1 Definition of Character

Abrams 23 defines a character as a person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who is interpreted by the reader as having particular characteristics, natural human qualities of human being, and emotional qualities PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 8 that are expressed through his or her dialogues and actions. Thus a character is not only a person in a story. A character is like a human being who has feelings, moral and social values which are shown through his or her speech and attitude as in real life. Besides, Rohrberger and Woods, Jr 20 define a character as a person who acts out in a particular time and place setting some kind of conflict in a pattern of events. In a story, a character must usually face a major problem which may involve another character. He or she may win or lose. He or she may learn and get a good experience or may miss what he or she might have achieved.

2.1.1.2 Types of Character

There are various types of character. Henkle 93 says that characters are mainly divided into two parts, major and minor characters. First, a major character is the character who plays the most important role in a story. We should pay our fullest attention to the major character because the major character becomes the focus of the story. He or she most frequently appears in the story from the beginning until the end. On the other hand, a minor character has a less important role in a story. He or she does not always appear in the story. Furthermore, Guth and Rico 70 categorize characters as flat characters and round characters. A flat character is one-dimensional character who has a one- track personality. So, the readers will easily be able to guess what the character will become and do. It is because a flat character usually has a simple characteristic or personality. While a round character has a combination of traits. Perrine 71 says that a character may be either static or dynamic. A static character is one who has little changes or who does not undergo important PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 9 changes in the story. A static character is the same at the end of the story as he or she was at the beginning. Meanwhile, a dynamic character is one who undergoes an important change in the story. The change of the character may be larger or smaller or may be better or worse. However, Rohrberger and Woods, Jr 35 classify character into two kinds. The first is protagonist and the second is antagonist. The protagonist is the central focus of character heroheroine in the story against which is arrayed. A protagonist is the most important character in the story as it is the one to whom all the events in the story have relevance. Meanwhile, the antagonist is another major character of the story that opposes the protagonist. He or she is involved in the conflicts with the protagonist. 2.1.2 Characterization 2.1.2.1 Definition of Characterization