16 indicated in some ways: efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations
associated with trauma, efforts to avoid activities, places or people that arise recollections of the trauma, inability to recall an important aspect of the trauma,
markedly diminished interest or participation in significant activities, feeling detachment or estrangement from others, restricted range of affect e.g., unable to
have loving feelings, and sense of foreshortened future e.g., does not expect to have a career, marriage, children, or a normal life span. Besides, the emotional
numbing may present as a lack of interest in activities. Here the sufferer is insensitive. She or he does not have sense of feeling Edwards.
The third type is being on guard. Here, sufferers feel anxious and find it hard to sleep. They also cannot relax but stay alert all the time. Sufferers know
that in this condition the experience is life-threatening, both physically and psychologically. So, there is an enormous stress reaction here. This is very
exhausting and leads to nightmares and depression.
2.1.4.3 Causes of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
There are some causes which lead someone to experience post traumatic stress disorder. Commonly, a series of traumatic events are among the causes.
Bloom 2 states that post traumatic stress disorder is the result of the experience of traumatic events like domestic violence, physical assault, violent accidents,
natural disasters, threats, combat, witnessing death or murder or hearing about the unexpected death of a loved one. However, some traumatic events are insufficient.
There are other factors which have a big role in developing post traumatic stress disorder. Wilson, Nathan, O’Leary, and Clark 152 classify the factors which
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
17 lead someone to post traumatic stress disorder in three categories. The factors are
biological factors, psychological factors, and social factors. The biological factors make certain people more vulnerable in developing
post traumatic stress disorder. In response to any trauma they might show symptoms which are influenced by genetic factors, abnormal hyperreactivity of
the catecholamine, the stress hormone that prepares the body for an emergency, and CRF System. CRF stands for Corticotropin Releasing Factor; this system
plays a central role in the regulation of the stress axis Huisisng, Aa, Metz, Mazon, Kemenade, and Flik. Both catecholamine and CRF systems result in
sustained stress responding. That is why people might show that they have emotional numbing.
Secondly, psychological factors interact with biological vulnerabilities in producing post traumatic stress disorder symptoms. The symptom is identified by
establishing the severity of tension or stress which is related to the risk of developing post traumatic stress disorder. Someone who has long – term PTSD
has usually experienced a fearful traumatic event, for example experience sexual abuse in childhood or witnessing a murder.
Thirdly, both biological and psychological factors work in specific social contexts. Here, social factors increase exposure to trauma e.g., living in the inner
city where personal violence is more common, certain conditions also produce a higher risk of exposure to traumatic events e.g., soldiers in combat, social
factors help determine whether post traumatic stress disorder symptoms are eliminated or not.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
18
2.1.4.4 Effects of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
