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CHAPTER II REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE
A. Theoretical Description 1. Speaking
a. The Meaning of Speaking Ability
The term speaking has several meanings. Thornburry 2005: 8 says that speaking is a speech production that becomes a part of our daily activities. Most
of speaking activities are in the form of face-to-face dialogs; therefore speaking involves interaction. Widdowson 1978: 59 says that speaking has two
meanings, first, it refers to the manner in which language is manifested. Second, it refers to the manner in which language is realized as communication.
Speaking skill
involves four
domains: linguistic
competence, communicative competence, strategic competence and social competence
Littlewood, 1981: 6. First, linguistic competence requires that students should improve their ability in manipulating language system to express messages or
ideas. Secondly, communicative competence encourages them to differentiate between the forms of language used and the communicative function which is
going to be performed. Third, strategic competence will encourage them to improve their ability and strategy to use the language as effectively as possible in
a real situation. And fourth, social competence suggests that the students should be aware of social functions of the forms of language used.
The meaning of ability according to Chomsky in Brumfit and Johnson 1998:
13 is ―the speaker-hearer‘s knowledge of his language. It is seen as
xxv overall underlying linguistic knowledge and ability thus includes concepts of
appropriateness and acceptability. The study of ability will inevitably entail consideration of such variables as attitude, motivation, and a number of
sociocultural factors. While in the 2004 Curriculum, ability is defined as knowledge, skill, behavior, and values which accustom to be applied in the
habitual thought and action. Then, according to Oxford Advance Dictionary by Hornby, ability is of person having ability, power, authority, skill, knowledge,
etc. to do what is needed. Speaking as a skill of being able to use the language is a problem in
teaching foreign language Bygate, 1987: 1. He says that the preparation and how successful the teaching speaking is depended on the understanding about the
aims. Bygate insists that learners have to produce sentences and adapt them to the circumstances. It means they have to make rapid decisions, implement them
smoothly, and adjust the conversation when they face unexpected problems. To acquire speaking skill, motivation is really needed Finochiaro, 1975:
38. Students come to the study of a foreign language in high school with strong convictions that ―language‖ means ―an instrument of communication‖. Students
who are able to speak the language feel the great sense of satisfaction and their attitude toward language learning is more enthusiastic.
Students who are trained to speak should recognize two basic language functions. They are transaction function, which is primarily concerned with the
transfer of information and the interactional function, in which primary propose of speech is the maintenance of social relationship Nunan, 1989: 23.
xxvi Based on the above definition, it can be concluded that speaking ability is
an ability to express or communicate opinions, thoughts, and ideas and can be gained with practice.
b. Speaking in Second Language
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