40
words, pictures, videos, audios or concepts. She explains further that the data in the qualitative research are nonnumeric. Therefore, the data that was analyzed in
this research are in the form of words, phrases, and sentences. The main sources of this research were John Donne’s two love poems. They
were “A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning” and “The Sun Rising.” “A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning” was a metaphysical poem that was composed
in thirty- six lines and “The Sun Rising”, also a metaphysical poem, was composed
in thirty lines. These poems were chosen because they represented the speakers’
deep love through the employment of figurative language. To analyze the poems, the researcher used
objective theory on M.H. Abrams’ Orientation of Critical Theory in his book entitled The Mirror and the Lamp
1971. His other book, A Glossary of Literary Terms 1999, Tyson’s Critical
Theory Today: A User-Friendly Guide 2006 , Altenbernd and Lewis’ A
Handbook for the Study of Poetry 1966 also supported the understanding of the theory.
C. Research Instrument
Lincoln and Guba in Vanderstoep and Johnston, 2009: 188 state that “the best instrument for qualitative naturalistic inquiry is the human.” Therefore, the
primary instrument in this research was the researcher herself. The researcher used her own capacity to act as the planner, data collector, interpreter, and analyst
for her research findings.
41
D. Technique of Data Collection
To answer the research questions, the researcher had to collect the data in the first place. In collecting the data, the researcher performed four main techniques.
They were reading, note-making, interpreting, and categorizing. First, the researcher read Donne’s “A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning” and “The Sun
Rising” for several times until she understood the text well. Second, she made some simple notes to write the definitions of some words and mark the important
details and clues related to the data. Third, the researcher carefully re-read the texts and the notes she already made earlier to have a clear interpretation. Last, the
data were categorized into the types of figurative language and their significances.
E. Technique of Data Analysis
Given 2008: 186 states that “data analysis is an integral part of qualitative and constitutes an essential stepping-stone toward both gathering data and linking
one’s findings with higher order concepts.” The data analysis should occur after the data are collected so that the researcher can discover the errors in data
collection Vanderstoep, 2009: 191. To analyze the collected data, the researcher passed some steps, namely identifying, classifying, re-reading and making
interpretation. First, the researcher identified the data from the poems by making some notes
according to the types of figurative language. Second, the researcher classified the data into some categories based on research objectives. Third, the researcher re-
read the data and arranged the data. Last, the researcher made the interpretation of the findings based on the understanding of the theory.
42
F. Trustworthiness
