2.2.1.1. Traditional Textbooks
It has been explained in the previous statement that traditional textbooks are written on the basis of traditional approach. The traditional
textbooks try to get students to learn the language as system. Language as system introduces s grammar as the goal of the study. Grant 1987:113
introduces some characteristics of traditional books as follows: 1. They tend to emphasize the forms, or patters, of
language the grammar more than communicative functions of language-the jobs we do using it, for
example asking for information, making request, apologizing, etc.
2. They tend to focus on reading and writing activities, rather than listening and speaking activities.
3. They emphasize the importance of accuracy 4. They tend to focus rather narrowly on a syllabus and
examinations. 5. They are often attractive to some teachers, because they
seem easy to use, and are highly examination based. There are many traditional textbooks in use all over the world. Even,
nowadays, traditional textbooks are still being published today. The main problem with traditional textbooks is that the students are still incapable of
using the language: they may know its grammar –the system- but they can’t communicate it. Actually, the students using the textbook learn not
just the forms of the language, but how to use them to communicate.
2.2.1.2. Communicative Textbooks
The second category of textbook is communicative textbook. The communicative textbook tries to solve the problem which is still being
faced by traditional textbook by creating opportunities for the students to use the language in the classroom. It is aimed to help the students to use
the language they have learned in the classroom in real life. Grant 1987:14 clarifies the characteristics of communicative textbooks as
follows: 1. They emphasize the communicative functions of
language – the jobs people do using the language – not just the forms.
2. They try to reflect the students’ needs and interests 3. They emphasize skills in using the language, not just the
forms of language, and they are therefore activity-based 4. They usually have a good balance among the four
language skills, but may emphasize listening and speaking more than a traditional textbook does.
5. They emphasize fluency, not just accuracy. The communicative books are still being developed in the present era. It is
a new approach in the writing of textbooks material to support and to help teachers and students in EFL classroom. On the basis of communicative
competence, the textbooks published hopefully written based on the principle of communicative textbooks.
2.3. Text and Discourse
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