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improvement of ICT systems Ifinendo Nahar 2006. As argued by Teo et al. 2008, since the quality perceptions are formed from the previous experiences with the system,
citizens’ belief whether the system is qualified to facilitate their participation willingness will influence the continuance decision.
Meanwhile, some researches argue about user satisfaction as dimension in IS success model since user satisfaction has been measured indirectly through the other dimensions
Rai et al. 2002; Sedera Tan 2005; Wang Liao 2008. However, as pointed out by Wang Liao 2008, in the e-government success context, which is assumed to be also
applicable in m-government context, it is also important to measure the overall level of user satisfaction to see its causal relationship with the indirect measures of user
satisfaction in other dimensions. Thus, the user satisfaction dimension is also employed to assess LAPOR success in encouraging participation.
Further, as stressed by DeLone McLean 2003, the end result of the overall model will generate certain net benefits which depend on the stakeholders and context in which
benefits are to be measured. This research adopts Net Benefits measures developed by Scott et al. 2011 which focus on public value approach. According to them, in the area
of e-government, including m-government, the intention by designers and policy makers is not only for process efficiency but also for greater participation and engagement.
Thus, it is important to conform to this environment in order to accurately capture the perceived benefits on the side of citizens. The complete instrument, including the items
in each dimension, can be seen in chapter 3.4.1.
2.6 Summary This chapter has discussed the theoretical perspectives about e-government, m-
government, and participation to give understanding about the topic being studied. Furthermore, the conceptual model to assess m-government success in encouraging
participation and citizen’s perceived benefits is also explained as a guideline in
analysing the case study through research methodology explained in the next chapter.
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CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter aims to explain how this research is undertaken. It begins with the explanation of research purpose and questions. The second section presents the research
design consisting research approach and strategy. Next, the appropriate research methods, including how to collect data and validate instrument, are discussed. The
following section presents how to analyse the data and the last section concludes overall chapter.
3.2 Research Purpose and Questions
According to its purpose, this research is classified as exploratory research. It aims to generate and explore ideas and understanding about m-government adoption in
Indonesia, specifically focusing on m-government capability in improving citizen participation in governance, where no or few studies about the issue being investigated
are found, particularly in Indonesia context Collis Hussey 2014. This research has three research questions: what is the current state of m-government adoption,
particularly for participation, in Indonesia?; how successful is m-government in
encouraging citizen participation? ; and what are the perceived benefits of using m-
government for citizens?
3.3 Research Design
This research was performed by utilising qualitative and quantitative approaches. As defined by Myers Avison 2002, qualitative approach is designed to assist researcher
getting understanding about people and its cultural and social context where they live in. It can be used for research with non-statistical analysis and findings in natural settings to
get adequate comprehension about the object being observed Patton 2002; Bryman 2012; Kothari 2004; Robson 2011. In this research, qualitative approach was
undertaken to collect and analyse descriptive data for mainly answering the first research question and supplementary answering the second and third research questions.
On the other hand, quantitative approach is mainly used to answer the second research question to see how success m-government application is in encouraging participation
