Thus, it is very accurate in terms of message and meaning, but it lacks naturalness and it is difficult for the readers to understand.
6. Communicative Translation: this method of translation is proposed by
Newmark 1988. Using this method, translators must both transfer the message accurately and deliver the message expressively by adjusting the
source text source culture into target text target culture. This method emphasizes more on the target readers‘ response and acceptance. Because of
the purpose of communicating the message, target readers and target culture are the most important aspects to consider. It is possible for translator to
change or adjust the original style or composition of the source text so as to fit into the target language.
D. Loan WordsBorrowing Words
Language is a unique system that it has its own concepts and
characteristics according to the society using it. There is also background culture that is very distinctive and specific, exclusive only for natives. These
two factors differentiate the way language construct reality express things. In the case of translation, it covers transfer of message and culture. Because
language have cultural concepts, it is difficult to translate such concepts into target language due to different perspectives and cultural symbolism. To avoid
inaccuracy, translator would instinctively keep the original word and give a detail description of the meaning. Those foreign words are called loan words.
Blight 1992: 31 gives definition of loan words as: ―words borrowed from the national language or another known language for use in the translation. It is
foreign words to the readers of the translation and they are different from other national language words that have been assimilated into the normal
vocabulary of the receptor language.‖ Meanwhile Nida gives a clear function of loan words
as ―to add information which may be generally useful in understanding the historical and cultural background of the document in
question. ‖ 1964: 238-239.
In terms of types, there are two types of loan words i.e. pure words and naturalized words. According to Molina Albir 2002:510, borrowing is to
take a word or expression straight from another language. It can be pure without any change, e.g., to use the English word lobby in a Spanish text, or
it can be naturalized to fit the spelling rules in the TL, e.g., gol, fútbol, in Spanish. The pure ones are similar to the original words in source language
without any addition or omission. Meanwhile naturalized words are those that have been adjusted to the grammatical system of the target language either in
terms of sounds pronunciation and written form. The use of loan words from foreign languages is called borrowing
technique in translation study. This technique is used mainly in adopting proper names, cultural concept, scientific and technological terms. But there
are other reasons in using the technique. According to Vinay Darbelnet in Fawcett 1997: 34, it is to create stylistic effect. In other words, it is to create
specific style based on the original texts. Another reason is t o ‗retain the shade
of specificity‘ Fedorov in Fawcett 1997. It deals with the sense of exclusiveness and originality within the word although it has the equivalent
term in target language. By using this technique, translator can achieve two goals at the same time; that is keeping the accuracy in terms of meaning and
maintaining the sense of the original word. Usually the borrowed termswords are explained in further detail through
footnotes. It is a series of additional information concerning the clue or key points of the meaning of the words. According to Nida 1964: 238 there are
two main functions of footnotes in helping the readers to reach the meaning of the foreign words. The first one is ―to correct linguistic and cultural
discrepancies‖. It is very common to find a large amount of differences in two languages. Thus, footnotes help readers to understand the culture of source
language through the explanation of borrowed terms. The second one is ―to add information which may be generally useful in understanding the historical
and cultural background of the document.‖ More specifically, the second functions comprises of several specific details such as:
To explain contradictory custom To identify unknown geographical or physical object
To give equivalent of weight and measures To include supplementary data on proper names
To provide information on play on words Hence, this technique can be an alternative to translate borrowing words
or concepts unknown in target language as long as the translator considers the influence of the source language as disturbing. Nevertheless, Harvey and
Higgins 1992:31 argue that this can be solved by establishing standard conventional equivalents or to keep the word as it is so long as the words
retained are of specific context and having certain constituents of meaning and have already been accepted as standard terms in the respected field.
E. Translation Quality
