The Process of Translation

Nida and Taber also stated that the good translation should follow the steps of process. It described in three steps: 1 analysis, in which the surface structure i.e., the message as given in language A is analyzed in terms of a the grammatical relationship and b the meanings of the word and combinations of words; 2 transfer, in which the analyzed material is transferred in the mind of the translator from language A to language B; 3 restructuring, in which the transferred material is restricted in order to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language 33. The steps of process of translating that are described by Nida and Taber is practical and comprehensive in comparing the equivalency between source language and target language. The process of translating according Nida and Taber can be represented as follow: A Source B Receptor Analysis Restructuring X Transfer Y Image 2.3The Process of Translating According Nida and Taber Sayogie in his book, Teori Praktik Penerjemahan, gave the example of the process of translation application by Nida and Taber. It represented as follow, 25-49  Source Language text The processes of linguistic change and its consequences will be treated below. Here, cultural change in general and its relation to language will be considered. By far the greatest part of learned behavior, which is what culture involves, is transmitted by vocal instruction, not by imitation. Some imitation is clearly involved, especially in infancy, in the learning process, but proportionately, this is hardly significant.  I. Analysis This is the step of looking for the equivalent of target language. It clarifies the translating to obtain accuracy, clarity, and naturalness from source language text. Proses perubahan ilmu bahasa dan konsekuensinya akan diperlakukan di bawah. Di sini, perubahan budaya di dalam umum dan hubungannya ke bahasa akan dipertimbangkan. Betul-betul yang terbesar bagian dari perilaku terdipelajari, yang mana adalah apa yang kultur melibatkan, dipancarkan oleh intruksi berkenaan dengan suara, yang bukan oleh tiruan. Beberapa tiruan dengan jelas dilibatkan, terutama di dalam khayalan, di dalam pelajaran proses, tetapi dengan sebanding; seimbang, ini dengan susah penting.  II. Transfer In this process, a translator obtain the first target language text Proses dari perubahan bahasa dan akibat-akibat yang dihasilkan akan dipaparkan di bawah ini. Di sini, perubahan budaya secara umum dan hubungan perubahan budaya dengan bahasa akan dipertimbangkan. Sejauh yang menyangkut mengenai perilaku belajar, yang mana budaya dilibatkan, disampaikan melalui suara, bukan melalui pemalsuan. Beberapa pemalsuan jelas-jelas terlibat, terutama pada masa-masa pertumbuhan anak, pada masa proses belajar, tapi dapat dibandingkan, hal ini tidak begitu signifikan.  III. Restructuring In this process, a translator rearranges the text by the appropriate and proper style in target language in order to obtain the second target language text. It also involves the form and meaning that being appropriated communicatively considering the target language. Proses perubahan ilmu bahasa dan dampak yang diakibatkan oleh perubahan itu akan ditulis di bawah. Dalam tulisan ini, perubahan budaya pada umumnya dan bagaimana hubungannya dengan bahasa akan dijelaskan. Sejauh yang menyangkut pembelajaran dari perilaku, yang mana budaya ini dilibatkan, disebarkan melalui instruksi suara, tidak disebarkan dengan pengulangan suara. Beberapa pengulangan terhadap suara yang didengar, dengan jelas dilibatkan, terutama di dalam masa-masa pertumbuhan, sedang di dalam proses pembelajaran, hal ini tidak begitu signifikan. Based on the explanations of process of translating that have been stated by the theorist, the researcher concludes that the good quality of translation is supported by the willingness of translator to pass through the process of translating gradually and carefully, and also doing the checking process repeatedly to obtain the accurate translation.

3. Translation Principle

In the world of translation, there are some principles that have to be considered by the translator to be able to bridge the transferring linguistically and extra linguistically, because every language has its system. The diversification of language system causes the difficulties in translating from one language to another language. Duff stated the translation principles that citied in Choliludin’s book, entitle The Technique of Making Idiomatic Translation, as follow: 1. The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of the original text. Nothing should be arbitrarily added or removed, though sometimes part of meaning can be transposed. 2. The ordering of the words and ideas in translation should match the original as closely as possible. This is particularly important in translating legal documents, guarantees, contracts, etc. However, differences in the language structure often require changes in the form and order of words. When in doubt, underline in the original text the words on which the main stress falls. 3. Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in a given context, for example in the business letter. To resolve these differences, the translator must distinguish between formal and fixed expression, and personal expression in which the writer or speaker sets the tone. 4. One of the most frequent criticisms of translation is that it does not sound „natural’. This is because the translator’s thoughts and choice of words are too strongly molded by the original text. A good way to avoid the influence of the source language is to set the text aside and translate a few sentences aloud from memory. This will suggest natural patterns of thought in the first language which may not come to mind when the eye is fixed on the SL text. 5. It will be better if the translator does not change the style of the original. But if it is needed, for example because the text is full of repetitions or mistakes in writing, the translator may change it. 6. Idiomatic expressions including similes, metaphors, proverbs, and sayings, jargon, slang, and colloquialisms and phrasal verbs are often untranslatable. The safest way in translating idioms as if they do not work in the target language is not to force it into the translation. Choliludin 41-44. On the other hand, Savory also gave 12 translation principles that related with the type of translation in order to obtain good quality of translation. Those principles are: 1. A translation must give the words of the original, 2. A translation must give the ideas of the original, 3. A translation should read like an original work, 4. A translation should read like a translation, 5. A translation should reflect the style of the original, 6. A translation should possess the style of the translator, 7. A translation should read as a contemporary of the original, 8. A translation should read as a contemporary of the translator, 9. A translation may add to or omit the original, 10. A translation may never add to or omit from the original, 11. A translation of verse should be in prose, and 12. A translation of verse should be in verse 54. According to Savory, those principles distinguished the literal translation or faithful translation with idiomatic translation or free translation, so the translator needs to choose the right principle for the translation. Savory also gave statement that citied in Choliludin ’s book, which the truth is that there are no universally accepted principles of translation, because the only people who are qualified to formulate them have agreed among themselves, but have so often and for so long contradicted each other that they have bequeathed a volume of confused thought which must be hard to parallel in other field of literature