suggestions, opinions, ideas, and recommendations on the designed materials. The survey was conducted by distributing and gathering
questionnaires to two English teachers of SD Kanisius Baciro Yogyakarta, two English teachers from other elementary school, and two English
lecturers of Sanata Dharma University. The data gathered from this survey was used as guidance to revise and improve the designed materials.
B. Research Participants
1.
Participants of Needs Survey
In this study, the students` needs were the main consideration in designing the materials. The writer conducted an informal interview to an
English teacher of SD Kanisius Baciro Yogyakarta. The interview was conducted in order to find out the students` interests and needs in learning
English. To complete the data about the students` needs and interests, the questionnaires were distributed. In addition, to know the real situation of
teaching learning process the writer did an observation in English class. 2.
Participants of Evaluation In order to evaluate the designed materials, the writer distributed the
questionnaires and the designed materials to two English teachers of SD Kanisius Baciro Yogyakarta,
two English teachers from other elementary school, and two English lecturers of Sanata Dharma University. The
teachers were involved in evaluating the designed materials because she had direct contact in the English teaching learning process at school. The
two English lecturers of Sanata Dharma University were taken as the participants, assuming that they have had experience in English teaching
learning process in the university level. All of the participants were asked to judge whether the task-based designed
materials for fifth graders of SD Kanisius Baciro Yogyakarta was accepted or not.
C. Research Instruments
The instruments used to collect the data in this study were interview, questionnaire, and observation.
1. Interview
Interviewing is a well-established method of data collection, which, because of some unique qualities, is still widely used. One of the most
important aspects of interviewing is that it is flexible Ary, et. al. 1979: 174. Ary, et. al. 1979: 174 also says that there are two types of
interviews: structured and unstructured. In structured interviews, the questions and the alternative answers are already provided. On the other
hand, unstructured interviews form is informal. The questions are given freely concerning with views, attitudes, beliefs, and other information.
The interview was done to an English teacher of SD Kanisius Baciro Yogyakarta
informally. The writer interviewed an English teacher of SD Kanisius Baciro
Yogyakarta by using Indonesian to make the questions understood. The questioned asked in the interview were:
a. the importance of teaching English in the early ages fifth graders of
elementary school b.
the importance of creating enjoyable atmosphere that can motivate the students learn English
c. the teaching technique
d. the starting point activities
e. the opening activities
f. the main activities
g. the evaluation method
h. the topics needed by the students to build up English skills
2. Questionnaires
The writer used questionnaires to obtain data, as stated by Ary, et. al 1979: 174, questionnaire is a printed form of data collection, which
contains questions or statements for subject to respond, often anonymously. Moreover, written questionnaire is typically more efficient
and practical and allows for the use of a larger sample. There were two kinds of questionnaires used in this study: the
questionnaire of the needs survey and questionnaire of evaluation on the designed materials. Ary, et. al. 1979: 175 says that there are two kinds of
questionnaire namely structured or closed form and unstructured or open form. The closed form questionnaire is used to help the participants
in answering the questions easily since the alternative answers are already available. This type of questionnaire requires the participants to mark
responses, to check agreements or disagreements, or to select among a number of alternatives. While the open form questionnaire is used to get
information from the participants. The participants will answer the questions or give their opinions and suggestions freely.
The writer used both open and close forms of questionnaires in conducting this study. The first questionnaire was distributed to fifth
graders of SD Kanisius Baciro Yogyakarta in order to find out the students` needs and interests. The second one was conducted with two
English teachers of SD Kanisius Baciro Yogyakarta, two English teachers from other elementary school, and two English lecturers of Sanata Dharma
University in order to get feedback on the designed materials. The feedback was beneficial in the revision of the designed materials because
the writer might recognize whether or not the goals, objectives, subject content, learning activities, and instructions meet the students` needs.
3. Observation
To get more accurate and objective information, the writer used observation. In an observational study, the current status of a phenomenon
is determined not by asking but by observing. Observational data can be collected on inanimate objects such as books as well as human beings
Gay, 1992: 234. In addition, Morrison 1993, as quoted in Cohen 2000: 305, argues that observations enable the researcher to gather data on the
physical setting e.g. the physical environment and its organization, the human setting e.g. the organization of people, the characteristics and
make up of the groups or individuals being observed, for instance: gender and class, the interactional setting e.g. the interactions that are taking
place: formal, informal, planned, unplanned, verbal, non-verbal, etc., and the programme setting e.g. the resources and their organization,
pedagogic styles, curricula, and their organization. According to Gay 1992: 234-239, the major types of observational
research are non-participant observation, participant observation, and ethnography. In the participant observation, the observer actually becomes
a part of, a participant in, the situation to be observed while in non- participant observation, the observer does not have interaction with the
object. Usually, the observer stands out of the object. On the other hand, ethnography involves intensive data collection, that is, collection of data
on many variables over an extended period of time, in a naturalistic setting.
Moreover, non-participant observation includes naturalistic observation, simulation observation, case studies, content analysis, and
meta-analysis. a.
Naturalistic observation In the naturalistic observation, certain kinds of behavior can only be
or best be observed as they occur naturally. The intent is to record and study behavior as it normally occurs. As an example, classroom
behavior- behavior of the teacher, behavior of the student, and the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
interactions between teacher and student- can best be studied through naturalistic observation.
b. Simulation observation
In simulation observation, the researcher creates the situation to be observed and tells subject what activities they are to engage in.
c. Case studies
A case study is the in- depth investigation of an individual, group, or institution. The purpose of a case study is to determine why, not just
what. d.
Content analysis Content analysis is the systematic, quantitative description of the
composition of the object study. e.
Meta-analysis Meta-analysis is a statistical approach to summarize the results of
many studies which have investigated basically the same problem. In this study, the writer used non-participant observation that was
naturalistic observation to know the natural or normal setting of teaching learning process. The observation was held in the classroom when fifth
graders of SD Kanisius Baciro Yogyakarta had English class.
D. Data Gathering
