interactions between teacher and student- can best be studied through naturalistic observation.
b. Simulation observation
In simulation observation, the researcher creates the situation to be observed and tells subject what activities they are to engage in.
c. Case studies
A case study is the in- depth investigation of an individual, group, or institution. The purpose of a case study is to determine why, not just
what. d.
Content analysis Content analysis is the systematic, quantitative description of the
composition of the object study. e.
Meta-analysis Meta-analysis is a statistical approach to summarize the results of
many studies which have investigated basically the same problem. In this study, the writer used non-participant observation that was
naturalistic observation to know the natural or normal setting of teaching learning process. The observation was held in the classroom when fifth
graders of SD Kanisius Baciro Yogyakarta had English class.
D. Data Gathering
There were two types of data gathering in this study. The first was gathering data for needs survey. The data for needs survey was collected by conducting an
interview with English teacher of SD Kanisius Baciro Yogyakarta and distributing questionnaires to fifth graders of SD Kanisius Baciro Yogyakarta, as well as,
doing an observation in the English class. The second type was gathering data for revision and improvement on the
designed materials. The data for revision on the designed materials were gathered by distributing questionnaires on the designed materials to two English teachers of
SD Kanisius Baciro Yogyakarta , two English teachers from other elementary
school, and two English lecturers of Sanata Dharma University.
E. Data Analysis
Data analysis usually involves application of one or more statistical techniques. Data are analyzed in a way that permits the writer to test the research
hypothesis or answer the research questions Gay, 1992: 8. 1.
Data Presentation In this study, the data presented are the data from the pre-design and
post-design survey. The data from the pre-design survey were obtained from the interview, questionnaires, and observation conducted by the
writer in the first survey. From the first survey, the writer made a conclusion about the students` needs and characteristics. The data from the
second survey were gathered and used in order to revise, improve and make the final version of the designed materials.
2. Descriptive Statistics of Participants` Opinion on the Designed Materials
In survey study, the first step in data analysis was describing or summarizing the data using descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics
refers to characteristics or description a set of numbers in terms of central tendency and to show how the numbers disperse, or very, around the
center Brown Rodgers, 2004: 122. The types of descriptive statistics are frequencies, central tendencies, and variability. There are three
measures of central tendency proposed by Brown Rodgers, namely “mean, median, and mode” 2004: 115. The measures of central tendency
are designed to allow the researcher to quickly identify the focal point around which the sample scores are distributed Sprinthall, 1991: 115.
The mean is the sum of all scores of all subjects in a group divided by the number of subjects. The mode is the score which has been obtained by
the largest number of subjects, that is, the most frequent score in the group. The median is the score which divides the group into two in such a
way that half of the scores are above it and half are below it. The mean X is the measures which is most frequently used because of its stability in
repeated sampling and its use in advanced statistical analysis. The formula can be seen as follows:
where, X = the mean
X = Σ X
X = the raw score N N = the number of subject
Σ = sum or add The writer outlined the result of the questionnaires in the table of the
mean is presented. The table of the descriptive statistics of the participants` opinion is as follows:
Table 3.1: The descriptive statistics of the participants` opinion Central Tendency
No. Participants` Opinion on
N Mn 1.
N = number of the participants Mn = mean
The assessment of the participants’ opinion was based on five points of agreement:
5 = strongly agree with the statement 4 = agree with the statement
3 = doubt with the statement 2 = disagree with the statement
1 = strongly disagree with the statement
F. Steps in Conducting the Study
