Pre-reading Activities Literature Review

Oxford’s study in Svenconis Kerst, 2002 noted the implication of semantic mapping in classroom instruction which requires a variety of basic memory and comprehension techniques such as marking associations, grouping, and using visual memory of the semantic map that associate relevant previous knowledge to the new. Semantic map exercises facilitates students work as a group to gather their own resources simultaneously; they prepare students to understand, assimilate and evaluate the information to be read. Bringing this knowledge to the conscious level helps students make sense of the topic of an article to be read. Ajideh 2006 mentions that pre-teaching vocabulary probably requires that the words be taught in semantically and topically related sites so that word meaning and background knowledge improve concurrently. Zimmerman 1997 also states that direct vocabulary instruction focusing on semantic mapping as an acquisition strategy is more effective than vocabulary acquisition activities that teach only words rather than strategies for acquiring words. Zaid 1995 advocated the introduction of semantic mapping in reading classrooms which had been proven to be a beneficial reading technique even for the native speakers of all educational levels. It was found that learners had shown an impressive improvement in such areas as vocabulary development, written ability and most importantly reading comprehension. Considering the positive impact semantic mapping had on EFL readers, studies by Crow and Quigley and Brown and Perry in Zaid, 1995 confirmed the use of semantic mapping as a crucial vocabulary strategy. From the definitions above, it can be concluded that semantic mapping is a graphic arrangement designed in the form of nodes circles or squares and connecting links to show how key concepts or main ideas and subordinate ideas are related to one another. It functions as an advanced organizer to activate student’s background knowledge. There are a number of ways to create maps. Widomski 1983, cited in Maggard 2000 promotes a combination of semantic mapping and directed reading activities to enable readers to make use of schemata so that they might achieve a fuller understanding of a text. Widomski says that word webs always consist of the following parts: a core question which could be the main idea of the text, for example, the web strands the answers to the core question, the strand supportssupporting details the facts and inferences in a text, and the strand ties the graphic representations of connections or lines drawn between major and minor ideas on a semantic map. Maggard 2000 describes the procedure of semantic mapping used by Johnson Pearson 1984 as follows: First, instructors choose a core concept of a text and display it visually so that all students can see it. The core concepts might be written on a blackboard, on an overhead transparency, on a large sheet of paper, or even displayed from a computer which has an overhead projection system. Next, students are encouraged to write down a series of words or phrases associated with the core concept. After brainstorming and generating lists of words or phrases relevant to the topic, students are asked to compare their lists with their peers. Then students are asked