37 underground in a text or speech in the context of social structure. So, critical
discourse analyst takes explicit position in understanding and analyzing social inequality.
It is relevant with Fairclough Wodak 1997: 271-280 in van Dijk 1998:2 which summarized the main tenets of CDA. According to them CDA
addresses some kinds of investigations, such as social problems, power relations are discursive, discourse constitutes society and culture, discourse does ideological
work, discourse is historical, the link between text and society is mediated, discourse analysis is interpretative and explanatory, and discourse is a form of
social action. So, it gives us a complete understanding to uncover how social structure factor influence the language
2.2.3.1. Triangle Discourse of van Dijk
van Dijk’s discourse analysis framework contains with three phases, these are macro structure, super structure and micro structure. Macro structure explains
about global meaning of a text which can be analyzed through the topic raised. Then, super structure elaborates the framework of a text including structure and
discourse element used in text arrangement. While, micro structure is a local meaning which can be analyzed through diction, sentence and language style used
in a text. Communicative Act according to van Dijk 2001: 198 becomes the
reference in the process of discourse. The product of discourse includes some aspects such as
text, speech, the writer’s layout and other semiotic aspects. CDA
38
CDA
Te tual A al sis So ial Cog itio
A al sis So ial Co te t
A al sis
introduced by van Dijk including textual analysis, social cognition, and social concept. The three analyses have interrelationship, an analysis is connected to the
other analysis and affects one another especially in producing discourse. The following is the explanation of the concepts.
Figure 2.2 Critical Discourse Analysis
Textual analysis includes global meaning of a text that can be observed through its topic or themes, the structure of the text and discourse elements used to
construct a text, and local meaning that can be observed through diction, word choice, sentences and rhetoric used in the text. Nurhayati 2015:12 explained that
the discourse analysis aims to understand the structure of the discourse done by deciding aspects that are relevant to the purpose of the text types analyzed. It is
usually used to uncover textual structure such as topic choice, lexicon, and placing
participant in clauses.
Textual analysis can be observed through the steps of van Dijk’s critical discourse analysis and transitivity theory. According to Halliday and Matthiessen
2004 transitivity showed the representation of meaning existed in the clause regarding the process relating to participant and circumstance. There are six
39 processes in the system of transitivity namely material process, mental process,
relational process, verbal process, behavioral process, and existential process
Gerot and Wignell, 1994; Halliday and Matthiessen 2004.
The textual analysis employs social cognition domain. This aspect includes trust, evaluation, emotion, attitude, mental structure and memory based the
production process and discourse interpretation. In this analysis, van Dijk as portrayed by Nurhayati 2015:14 introduces a concept called mental model,
namely cognition models saved in episodic memory as part of human’s long term memory. Mental model consists of context model, event model, and schema of
social representation or social cognition forming knowledge, attitude, ideology, values, norm, and so forth. Those models influence the process of discourse
production. So, the analysis undertaken includes textual and contextual dimension.
Social cognition analysis refers to writer’s mental awareness in producing
discourse through a textbook. The textbo ok’s writer not only can be seen from one
perspective, but also through some important things they have such as their
knowledge, experience, values and ideology and their world view.
The last dimension is social dimension. According to van Dijk 2001:117, CDA also emphasizes its focus on social dimension such as power and domination.
The analysis undertaken includes social situation, acts, social actor of a discourse. Social situation as explained by Nurhayati 2015:15 includes aspects explained in
the context model such as knowledge about setting, the role of participant, acts, etc. that are relevant to produce and understand the text. The result of the analysis in
40
S Heterod
Do Ortodo a
Te tual A al sis
So ial Cog itio
So ial Co te t
micro structure should project macro structure or social structure that influence, and
construct a discourse.
Social context relates to how a discourse was produced by a community. Its practices relate to the power and access they have in social life. Power is a group or
person ownership to pressure another group through hegemony and domination. The impact of those practice is implemented in learning materials which represent
a particular group. Besides power, the access also becomes an important aspect in social dimension context because a dominant group always has an access to the
media to maintain the domination over marginal groups.
There is relationship between v an Dijk’s idea and Bourdieu. Both of them
have the same main focus to reveal an underground symbolic violence as explained
in the following scheme.
Figure 2.3 Symbolic Violence and CDA
As explained above, symbolic violence occurs through doxa, heterodoxa, and orthodoxa which is implicit and hidden. Symbolic violence appears as a result
of habitus, capital, and field manifested as doxa, heterodoxa, and orthodoxa. The doxa can be analyzed through CDA approach. It includes textual analysis, social
cognition, and social concept. The three analyses have interrelationship, an analysis
41 is connected to the other analysis and affected each other especially in producing
discourse. So, those three doxas can reveal the social problem concealed by the discourse producer.
2.2.4. Discourse and Ideology
